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Skeletal System (microscopic anatomy of compact bone tissue, (It can be…
Skeletal System
microscopic anatomy of compact bone tissue,
It can be found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or Haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified matrix called lamellae
Compact bone makes up 80 percent of the human skeleton; the remainder is cancellous bone, which has a spongelike appearance with numerous large spaces and is found in the marrow space
The compact bone is the main structure in the body for support, protection, and movement. Due to the strong nature of compact bone, compared to spongy bone, it is the preferred tissue for strength. Spongy bone is used for more active functions of the bones, including blood cell production and ion exchange.
forms the dense outer shell of bones. It has a smooth and homogeneous appearance. Rigidity of bone allows it to serve its supportive and protective functions. Tensile strength is nearly equal to cast iron at less than one third the weight.
the osteon consists of a central canal called the osteonic canal, which is surrounded by concentric rings of matrix.Small channels radiate from the lacunae to the osteonic canal to provide passageways through the hard matrix.
long bone
A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis. The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow marrow.
ones are composed of two types of tissue:
A hard outer layer called cortical bone, which is strong, dense and tough. 2. A spongy inner layer called trabecular bone.
The outside part of bone is called the periosteum
Compact bone is next. ...
Cancellous (say can-sel-us) bone comes next, and this looks a bit like a sponge but is much stronger.
On the very inside of many bones is the bone marrow.
20 major bones in the human body?
Scapula.
Clavicle.
Humerus.
Radius.
Ulna.
Scaphoid.
Lunate.
Triquetrum.
epiphysis- part that forms a joint Metaphysis-connects epiphysis to diaphysis Diaphysis- shaft of the bone Articular cartilage- cartilage on the bone at the epiphysis to cushion the joint Medulary cavity- space containing yellow bone marrow.
The metaphysis is the narrow portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. It contains the growth plate, the part of the bone that grows during childhood, and as it grows it ossifies near the diaphysis and the epiphyses.
differences between male and female pelvis
The female pelvis is larger and broader than the male pelvis, which is taller, narrower, and more compact. The distance between the ischium bones is small in males. ... This results in the female inlet being large and oval in shape, while the male inlet is more heart shaped.
he pelvic inlet is heart-shaped in the male. The female pelvis is modified for childbearing; it is wider, shallower and lighter than the male pelvis. The male pelvis has thicker heavier bones with more prominent bone markings, acetabula that are larger and closer together, and a narrower, heart-shaped pelvic inlet.
The human pelvis provides the most reliable means for determining the sex of skeletal remains. The female pelvis is designed to offer optimal space for the birth canal, which is reflected in its morphology and the relationship of its parts to each other.
In general, female skeletal elements tend to be smaller and less robust than corresponding male elements within a given population. The human female pelvis is also different from that of males in order to facilitate childbirth. Unlike most primates, human males do not have penile bones.
The female pelvis is larger and broader than the male pelvis, which is taller, a higher , narrower, and more compact. The distance between the ischium bones is small in males.This results in the female inlet being large and oval in shape, while the male inlet is more heart shaped.
skull
The cranium skull is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault
Frontal- this part of the skull forms the brow, forhead, and nasal cavity.
Parietal- these bones are located on opposite sides of the skull.
Temporal-these bones also occur on both sides of the brain
Occipital-this bone is on the lower back side of
he 22 bones in the human skull. Frontal Bone, Parietal Bones, Temporal Bones, Occipital Bone, Ethmoid Bone, Sphenoid Bone, Mandible, Maxillae, Vomer, Palatine, Nasal Bones, Zygomatic Bones, Inferior Nasal Conchae and Lacrimal Bones
The pterion is the region where the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones join together. It is located on the side of the skull, just behind the temple.
The calvaria is made up of the superior portions of the frontal bone, occipital bone, and parietal bones. In the human skull, the sutures between the bones normally remain flexible during the first few years of postnatal development, and fontanelles are palpable.
bone remodeling,
Bone remodeling is the process by which bone is renewed to maintain bone strength and mineral homeostasis. Remodeling involves continuous removal of discrete packets of old bone, replacement of these packets with newly synthesized proteinaceous matrix, and subsequent mineralization of the matrix to form new bone.
The remodeling cycle consists of three consecutive phases: resorption, during which osteoclasts digest old bone; reversal, when mononuclear cells appear on the bone surface; and formation, when osteoblasts lay down new bone until the resorbed bone is completely replaced.
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are referred to as bone remodeling units. The purpose of bone remodeling is to regulate calcium homeostasis, repair micro-damage to bones from everyday stress, and to shape the skeleton during growth. Bone growth factors affect the process of bone remodeling.
This process allows individual bones to grow in size and to shift in space. During childhood bones grow because resorption occurs inside the bone while formation of new bone occurs on its outer surface.
In addition to the traditional bone cells osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes that are necessary for bone remodeling, several immune cells have also been implicated in bone.
bone fracture repair,
During indirect bone healing, fracture repair begins with the formation of a hematoma, followed by cartilaginous internal and external calluses. Osteoclasts resorb dead bone, while osteoblasts create new bone that replaces the cartilage in the calluses.
There are four stages in the repair of a broken bone: 1) the formation of hematoma at the break, 2) the formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus, 3) the formation of a bony callus, and 4) remodeling and addition of compact bone.
There are four main steps to bone repair: The blood vessels ruptured in a broken bone cause a blood filled swelling called a haematoma at the site of the fracture. A cartilage callus forms in place of the haematoma. It acts to splint the broken bone.
Fractures. ... If untreated, the pain experienced from a fracture will likely worsen as time goes on. The main risk of an untreated fracture, however, is improper healing. This can result in visible deformities, misalignment, limited movement
Depending on the type, severity of the fracture and distance between bone fragments, bones may heal directly by building new bone onto the fracture site direct bone healing or contact healing or may heal in a process like endochondral bone formation indirect bone healing
joints
Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined to each other by connective tissue or cartilage.
Planar Joints. Planar joints have bones with articulating surfaces that are flat or slightly curved faces. ...
Hinge Joints.
Condyloid Joints.
Saddle Joints.
Ball-and-Socket Joints.
There are 360 joints in the human body. A joint is the point of attachment of two bones. Three types of joints are found in the human body
Functional classifications of joints include immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable joints. Freely movable synovial joints are most abundant and include six types: pivot, hinge, condyloid, saddle, plane, and ball-and-socket joints.
movements allowed by synovial
Synovial joints achieve movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones. Synovial joints allow bones to slide past each other or to rotate around each other. This produces movements called abduction adduction towards, extension flexion , and rotation.
The multiaxial ball and socket joints allow for flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and circumduction. In addition, these also allow for medialand lateral rotation. Ball-and-socket joints have the greatest range of motion of all synovial joints.
abduction is raising the arm at the shoulder joint, moving it laterally away from the body, while adduction brings the arm down to the side of the body.
joints, disorders.
Joint.
Arthritis.
Rheumatoid arthritis.
Gout.
Tennis elbow.
Osteoarthritis.
Polymyalgia rheumatica.
Hip fracture.
he most common form, osteoarthritis degenerative joint disease, is a result of trauma to the joint, infection of the joint, or age. Other forms of arthritis include rheumatoid arthritis, arthritis, and related autoimmune diseases. Septic arthritis is caused by joint infection.
Planar, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket are all types of synovial joints.
Planar Joints. Planar joints have bones with articulating surfaces that are flat or slightly curved faces. ...
Hinge Joints. ...
Condyloid Joints. ...
Saddle Joints. ...
Ball-and-Socket Joints.
Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined to each other by connective tissue or cartilage.
structural classification divides joints into fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints depending on the material composing the joint and the presence or absence of a cavity in the joint