Skeletal System:
Joints: connection of 2+
Cartilage: Surrounds ends of bone, reduces friction.
Ligament: Connects back to bone
Bones: (skeleton) contains 206 bones.
Bone classification:
Long bones:
Articular carilage: covers external surface of epiphysis; reduce friction.
Periosteum: outside covering of diaphysis.
Epiphyseal plate: a flat plate of hyaline cartilage between epiphysis and diaphysis.
Fibrous: connective tissue membrane.
Epiphysis: end of bone mostly spongy
Sharpeyś fibrous: secure periosteum underlying bone.
Diaphysis: long portion, composed of compact of bone
Bone cells:
Flat bones: Thin and flat and curved
Irregular bones: various shapes not fit for categories.
Short bones: Generally cube shape
Long Bones: long rather wide and shaft with heads at ends.
Microscopic bones:
Medullary cavity: cavity of short, contains yellow (fat)marrow in adults
Arteries: supply bone cells
Compact bone: outer layer of bone along diaphysis, highly packed with bone.
Spongy bone: small needle like piece of bone in trabeculose pattern.
Lacuna: cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)
Lamallae: rings around the central canal sites of the lacunae.
Preforating: carries blood vessels and nerves in volkmans canal.
Canaliculi: they are canals radiating from the lacunae.
Central canal: carries blood vessels and nerves
Osteon: A unit of bone in the Haversion system.
Osteoclasts: bone destroying cells.
Osteoblasts: bone forming cells.
Osteocytes: mature bone cells
Skull Bones:
Temporal: above the ear
Occipital: back of the head
Parietal: top sides of the head
Sphenoid: forms floor of skull.
Frontal: Forehead
Ethmoid: forms roof of nasal cavity and medial portion of oribital cavity.
Cranium: encloses and protects fragile brain tissue
Types of Bone fractures:
Depressed fracture: bone is pressed inward or dented. (skull fracture).
Compression fracture: bone is crushed and collapsed on itself. (vertebrae\ osteoporotic bone)
Spiral fracture: ragged break from a twisting force applied to a bone.
Comminuted fracture: 3+ pieces; can occur in unhealthy and diseased or elderly bones.
Greenstick fracture: bones break incompletely. (common for children)
Open compound fracture: broken bone penentrates through skin.
Impacted fracture: broken bone is forced into each other.
Closed simple fracture: break that does'nt break skin.
Sutures:
Lamboidal: between occipital and parietal bones.
Coronal: between frontal and parietal bones.
Saggital: between 2 parietal bones.
Squamous: between parietal bones.
Face bones:
Zygomatic: cheek bone
Nasal: nose
Mandible: lower jaw bone
Palatine: together with maxilla forms hard palate (mouth roof)
Maxilla: upper jaw bone.
Lacrimal: medial of the eye socket.
Vertebral column:
Tharacic: upper back
Lumbar: lower back
Axis: c2
Sacrum: small of back between coxal bone
Atlas: c1
Coccyx: tail bone (4 fused)
Cervical: neck
Ribs:
False ribs: next 5 pairs; indirectly attached to sternum.
Floating ribs: last 2 pairs of false rib no sternal attatchments.
True ribs: first 7 pairs; attach directly to sternum by coastal cartilage.
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Bones:
Ulna- inner lower arm bone
Carpals- closest bones attached to lower arm.
metacarpals- between carpals and phalanges.
Phalanges- finger tips
Scapula- attached behind the clavicle
Radius- outer lower arm bone
Clavicle- collar bone
Humerus- upper arm
Patella- knee bone
Femur- upper leg and thigh
Fibula- lower leg outer bone.
Tibia- inner lower leg bone
Talus- above the calcaneous
Tarsals- bone above metacarpals
Calcaneus- plantar or heel
Metatarsals- above phalanges.
Phalanges- leg finger tips or toes.
Cervicle- neck bone