Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Skeleton System Celeste Perez P.6 (Anatomy of Long Bone (Spongy Bone…
Skeleton System Celeste Perez P.6
Types of Bone Fractures
comminuted fracture- bone is broken into more than 3 pieces
can occur in healthy and diseased bone or bones of elderly
compression fracture- bone is crushed and collapsed on itself
common in vertebrae in osteoporosis bone
depressed fracture- bone is pressed inward or dented in which is common in skull fractures
open (compound) fracture- broken bone penetrates through skin
impacted fractures - broken bone is forced into each other
common in long bones impacted from outstretched arm to break a fall
closed (simple) fractures-break that does not break skin
spiral fracture- ragged break from a twisting force applied to bone
common in sports injury or can indicate child abuse
bones break incompletely
common in children, whose bones have not fully ossified
Bone Fracture
a break or a crack in a bone
cause of bone fractures
high level of stress, impact or pressure on healthy bone
disease such as osteoporosis and other bone diseases can weaken or hollow out bones
Anatomy of Long Bone
Diaphysis
long portion of long bone
composed of compact bone
Epiphysis
ends of bones
mostly of spongy bone
Epiphyseal plate
a flate plate of hyaline cartilage between epiphysis and dialysis
Articular cartilage
covers the external surface of the epiphysiseal; reduce friction
made of hyaline cartilage
Periosteum
outside covering of diaphysis
fibrous connective tissue membrane
Shape's Fibers
secure periosternum to underlying bone
Medullary Cavity
cavity of the shaft
contain yellow marrow in adults
Arteries
supply bone cells with nutrients
Spongy Bone
found at the ends of bone and inner bone
spaces within contains red marrow
small needle like pieces of bone in a pattern called trabeculae
Compact Bone
outer layer of bone along diaphysis highly packed with bone
Bones of the Skull
Parietal
topsides of head
Temporal
above ear
Frontal
forehead
occipital
back of the head
Cranium
encloses and protects fragile brain tissue
Sphenoid
forms floor of skull
Ethmoid
forms roof of nasal cavity and medial portion of orbital cavity
Bone Fracture Repair
fibrocartilage callus
mass of repair tissue forms a splint to close the gap in
bony callus
replace fibrocartilage callus by actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
hematoma
blood filled swelling caused by the broken blood vessels deprives bone cells of nutrients and die
bony callus
remodeled to form a permanent patch
Reduction
bone is set, realigned and immobilized by cast or fracture
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
performing volkman's canal
canal perpendicular to the central canal
carries blood vessels and nerves
Lacunae
cavities containing bone cells
central canal
carries blood vessels and nerves
Lamallae
sites of the lacunae
rings around the central canal
osteon ( haversian system)
a unit of bone
Canaliculi
tiny canals radiating from the lucanae
Skeletal System
Bone (skeleton)
Skeleton has 206 bones
Joints
connection of two of more bones
Ligament
connects bone to bone
Divided
into two divisions
Axial Skeleton
bones of face and skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and sacrum
Appendicular Skeleton
bones of pectoral and pelvic girdle, extremities (arms and legs), bones of hand and feet.
Cartilage
surrounds ends of bone, reduces friction
Function of the Skeletal System
protection of soft organs
movement due to attached skeleton muscles
supports-provides hard framework
storage of minerals and fats
blood cell formation- bone contain red marrow
Bones of Face
Palatine
together with maxilla forms, hard palate (roof of mouth)
Lacrimal
medial of eye socket
Nasal
nose
Inferior Conchae
wall of nasal cavity
Zygomatic
cheek bone
Vomer
midline of nasal cavity
Mandible
lower jaw bone
Hyoid
attachment for tongue muscle
Maxilla
upper jaw bone
Classification of Bones
Flat Bone
Thin and flattened
Usually curved
Ex) skull bones, (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, mandible, ribs, sternum)
Short Bone
Generally cubed shaped
carpals, tarsals, patella, calcareous
Long Bone
Have a shaft with heads at both ends
Ex) Femur, humerus, radius, ulna, metatarsal, and metacarpals
Typical longer than wide
Irregular Bone
Various shapes or do not fit into other categories
Ex) Vertebrae and hip
Structures of the Skull
Joins of cranial bones
Sagittal
between two parietal bones
Lambdoidal
between occipital and parietal bones
Coronal
between frontal and parietal bones
Squamous
between parietal bones
Structural Joint Classification
Classification by type of material joints are made of:
Synovial Joints
Freely movable
Fibrous Joints
Generally immovable
Cartilaginous Joints
Immovable or slightly movable
Gender Difference of the Pelvis
shape of pelvic inlet
Male: narrower and heart-shaped
pubic arch angle:
female: larger and rounder
Female: more than 90 degrees
Male: less than 90 degrees
Bones of the Vertebrae
Cervical (C1 -C7)- neck
Atlas- c1
axis- c2
thoracic (T1-T12)
upper back
Lumbar (L1-L5)
lower back
Sacrum (5 fused)
small of back between coxal bones
Coccyx (4 fused)
tail bone
Bones of the Ribs
Connects with the thoracic vertebrae and sternum to form rib cage
false ribs
next 5 pairs; indirectly attached sternum
floating ribs
last 2 pairs of false ribs no external attachments
true ribs
first 7 pairs; attach directly to sternum to form rib cage
Female Pelvis
illia flare more laterally
sacrum shorter and less curved
shallower and lighter
ischial spine shorter farther apart this outlet is larger
Joints
allow of mobility
Hold bones together
Functions of joints
Articulations of bones
Joints Functional Classification
Classification based on amount of movement
synarthroses- immovable joints
Amphiarthroses- slightly movable joints
Diarthoses- freely movable joints
Types of Joints
Syndemous
Ex) Distal end of the tibia and fibula
Cartilaginous Joints
bones connected by cartilage
Ex) inter vertebral disc, pubic symphasis, synovial joint is found in the joint cavity
Bones united by fibrous tissue
Fibrous Joints
Ex) Suture- holds skull bones together
Features of Synovial Joints
joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule
have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
covers the ends of bones
ligaments reinforce the joints
Bursae flattened fibrous sacs
filled with synovial fluid
not actually apart of joint
lined with synovial membrane
Osteoporosis
intramembranous ossification
occurs directly in CT membrane
2 types
flat bones of skull, mandible, ribs, and clavicle
process of bone formation
Sprain
ligaments or tendons reinforcing joints are torn or streatched
Inflammatory Conditions of Joints
Arthritis
inflammatory or degenerative disease of joints
over 100 different types
the most widespread crippling disease in the US
Osteoarthritis
most common chronic arthritis
probably related to normal aging processes physical trauma
Tendonitis
inflammation of tendon sheaths
Rheumatoid arthritis
An autoimmune disease the immune system attacks the joints
symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints such as hands
often leads to deformities
Bursitis
inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow of friction
Gouty Arthritis
inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood
Appendicular Skeleton
composed of:
limbs (upper and lower extremities)
pectoral (shoulder) girdle
pelvic girdle
Pectoral Girdle
composed of:
clavicle (collarbone)- attaches upper limb to sternum (breast bone); only bony attachment for upper limb
Scapula (shoulder blade): attaches upper limb to back of shoulder by muscle
Bones of Upper Limb
Arms
formed by humerous
attached to scapula proximately and ulna distally
Forearm
formed by:
ulna-medially: attached to wrist bones on pinky finger side
Radius- laterally; attached to wrist bone n thumb side
Hands
metacarpals- bones of palm of hand
phalanges- finger bones
carpals- wrist bones (8 bones)
Pelvic Girdle
supports entire upper body
Protection for:
reproductive organs
urinary bladder
part of the large intestine
Bones of Pelvic Girdle
Coxal (hip) bone C2 bones- composed of 3 fused bones
illium- lateral portion; forms majority of bone
schium- sitdown bone
pubis- anterior portion
Bones of the Lower Limb
thigh:
formed by femur
attached to coxal bone proximally
attached to tibia (shinbone) distally
Leg
Tibia attached medually (big toe) to tarsal
Fibula-lateral (little toe); not weight bearing bone
foot
tarsal; ankle bone
metatarsal-bones of the sole of the feet
phalanges- toes
Types of Bone Cells
osteoblasts
bone forming cell
osteoclasts
bone destroying cells
osteocytes
mature bone cells
Bone Remodeling
bone is continuously being broken down and changed in shape
balance between actions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
Types of Synovial Joints
pivot
rounded of one bone fits into a ring of bone; rotational movement
ex) proximal radio-ulnar joint, atlas and axis joint
condyloid
egg shaped bone fits into oval concavity back and forth or side to side movement; movement in two plates
ex) metacarpal, knuckle joints
plane
articular cartilage are essentially flat; short slipping
ex) inter carpal, joints of wrists, interverbal joints
hinge
cylindrical end of bone fits into trough shaped surface; angular movement in one plane
ex) elbow or knee joint, interphanlangeal joint
saddle
both bones have concave and convex areas; same movement in condyloid
ex) carpometacampal joint of the thumb
ball and socket
spherical head of one bone fits into round socket of another; allows movement in any plane
ex) shoulder and hip joint