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Skeletal System (Long Bone (Spongy Bone (Small needle-like pieces of bone…
Skeletal System
Long Bone
Periosteum
Outside covering of diaphysis
Fibrous connective tissue membrane
Sharpey's Fiber
Secure periosteum to underlying bone
Articular Cartilage
Covers the external surface of the epiphyses, reduce friction
Made of hyaline cartilage
Medullary
Cavity of the shaft
Contains yellow (fat) marrow in adults
Epiphyseal Plate
A flat plate of hyaline cartilage between epiphysis and diaphysis
Arteries
Supply bone cells with nutrients
Epiphysis
Ends in bone
Mostly of spongy bone
Compact Bone
Outer layer of bone along diaphysis, highly packed with bone
Diaphysis (Shaft)
Long portion of long bone
Composed of compact bone
Spongy Bone
Small needle-like pieces of bone in a pattern called trabeculae
Found at ends of bone and inner bone
Spaces within contains red marrow
Bone and Joint Disorders
Tendonitis
Inflammation of tendon sheaths
Arthritis
The most widespread crippling disease in the USA
Over 100 different types
Inflammation or degenerative disease of joints
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
Osteoarthritis
Most common chronic arthritis
Probably related to normal aging processes, physical trauma, or repetitive motion
Sprain
Ligaments or tendons reinforcing are torn or stretched
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints such as hands
Often leads to deformities
A autoimmune disease, the immune system attacks the joint
Osteoporosis
Affects long bones and spine
Caused by poor calcium diet, lack of vitamin D, and low levels of estrogen in woman
More woman over age 65 affected than men
Bone thinning disease, makes bone fragile and break easily
Aggravated by excessive smoking and drinking
Gouty Arthritis
Can usually control diet and limit alcohol use
Inflammation of joints is caused by a disposition of urate crystals from the blood
Microscopic of Compact Bone
Perforating
Canal perpendicular to the central canal
Carries blood vessels and nerves
Lacune
Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)
Central (Haversian) Canal
Carries blood vessels and nerves
Lamellae
Rings around the central canal
Sites of lacunae
Osteon (Haversian System)
A unit of bone
Canaliculi
Tiny canals radiating from lacunae
Movements by Synovial Joints
Saddle Joint
Can be found in carpometacarpal joint of thumb
Same movement as condyloid
Both bones have concave and convex areas
Condyloid Joint
Can be found in metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints
Back and forth or side to side movement, movement in two planes
Egg-shaped bone fits into oval concavity
Pivot Joint
Can be found in proximal radioulnar joint and atlas and axis joint
Rotational movement
Rounded end of one bone fits into a ring of bone
Plane Joint
Can be found in intercarpal joint of wrist, intervertebral joint
Short slipping and gliding movement
Articular cartilages are essentially flat
Ball & Socket Joint
Movement in any plane, including rotation
Can be found in shoulder and hip joints
Spherical head of one bone fits into round socket of another
Hinge Joint
Cylindrical end of bone fits into trough-shaped surface
Can be found in elbow or knee joint; interphalangeal joint
Angular movement in one plane
Bone Names
Skull
Frontal, parietal, mandible, maxilla, sphenoid, ethmoid, temporal, zygomatic, palatine, occipital, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, and cranium
Ribs
Ribs, lumbar, sacrum, thoracic, sternum, and cervical
Pelvic Girdle
Sacrum, coxal bone, and coccyx
Pelvis; ilium, pubic bone, and ischium
Arm
Clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, and ulna
Hand; carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
Leg
Femur, patella, tibia, and fibula
Foot; tarsals, metatarsals, (toe) phalanges, talus, and calcaneus
Types of Bones
Flat Bones
Thin and flattened
Usually curved
Short Bones
Generally cube-shape
Irregular Bones
Various shapes or do not fit into other categories
Long Bones
Typically longer than wide
Have a shaft with heads at both ends
Joints
Structural Classification
Classified by type of material joints are made of
Cartilaginous Joints- Immovable or slightly moveable
Synovial Joints- Freely movable
Fibrous Joints- Generally immovable
Types of Joints
Cartilage Joints- Bones connected by cartilage
Fibrous Joints- Bones limited by fibrous tissue
Synovial Joints- Found in the joint cavity
Functional Classification
Classified based on amount of movement
Amphiarthrosis- Slightly movable joint
Diarthosis- Freely moveable joints
Synarthrosis- Immovable joints
Joints
Articulations of bones
Holds bone together
Bone Fracture Repair
Hematoma
Blood-filled swelling caused by the broken blood vessels, deprives bone cells of nutrients and die
Reduction
Bone is set realigned and immobilized by cast or traction
Fibrocartilage Callus
Mass of repair tissue forms a splint to close the gad in
Bony callus replaces fibrocartilage callus by actions of osteoblast and osteoclasts
Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
Bone Remodeling
Bone is continually being broken down and changed in shape
Balance between actions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
Male & Female Pelvis
Male and Female's have different pelvis
Male Pelvis
Narrower and heart-shaped
Pubic arch is less than 90 degrees
Female Pelvis
Pubic arch is more than 90 degrees
Shallower and lighter
Larger and rounder
Ilia flare is more laterally
Sacrum shorter and less curved
Ischial spine shorter and farther apart, outlet is larger