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ANCESTRAL COLONIAL FLAGELLATE (Metazoa (no real tissue) (Porifera …

- - - - Syconoid (Grantia sp.)
        
        Multiple chambers for water to enter through
        
        It grows larger since it has more support => more complex and larger surface area
        
        Still has one osculum
        
        Pore cells open into canals
      - Leuconoid (Halichondria panacea)
        
        Largest
        
        Pore cells open into canals that open into chambers
        
        Multiple oscula
        
        Has multiple chambers
      - Asconoid (Leucosolenia botryoides)
        
        They are the simplest
        
        Their pores lead directly to the spongoceal
        
        Single chamber for the water to enter through
  - - - Classes
        
        Hydrozoa (p+m)
        
        Athecata
        (no case, bell-shaped)
        
        Gonionemus sp.
        
        Thecaphorae
        (encased, disc-shaped)
        
        Obelia sp.
        
        Hydra vulgaris
        
        Is a polyp, doesn't have a medusa stage
        
        Can change shape since it has contractile fibers that push against liquid in gastrovascular cavity
        
        Scyphozoa (m)
        
        Aurelia aurita (moon jellyfish)
        
        Nematocysts
        
        Has rhopalia, which are sensory organs for light and gravity
        
        Anthozoans (p)
        
        Actinia equina (beadlet anemone)
        
        Is bilaterally symmetrical (because it has 12 primary septa on each side)
      - General characteristics:
        
        Has cnidocytes
    - - Acoela
      - Deuterostomia blastopore = anus
        
        Echinodermata
        
        General characteristics:
        
        Water vascular system
        
        External digestion
        
        Radial symmetry
        
        Ateroidea
        
        Starfish (Asterias Rubens)
        
        Mostly filled with pyloric ceca (digestive glands), increase surface area for absorption, a lot of digestive enzymes for external digestion
        
        Water vascular system:
        
        network of hydraulic canals branching throughout the podia to the tube feet (attached to ampullae)
        
        Used for locomotion, gas exchange, water and waste transport, respiration
        
        Has gonads along its arms
        
        Eyespots on each arm to detect light
        
        Has two stomachs, the pyloric (connects with a pair of pyloric ceca) and cardiac
        
        It everts its cardiac stomach from the mouth to surround its prey
        
        Madreporite connected to stone canal, stone canal extends to ring canal (encircles mouth) which lies against the central disc (ossified). A radial canal diverges from ring canal and a series of lateral canals connects the radial canal to the tube feet
        
        Tiedemann's bodies remove foreign particles by phagocytosis
        
        Chordata
        
        General characteristics:
        
        Notochord
        
        Pharyngeal slits
        
        Post-anal tail
        
        Endostyle
        
        Dorsal neural tube
        
        Subphyla
        
        Urochordata
        (tunicates)
        
        Ciona Intestinalis (vase tunicate)
        
        Switches to budding during favorable conditions (no need for genetic variation)
        
        Open vascular system (pumps bodily fluid?)
        
        Water/ food particle flow:
        
        inc. siphon => filtered through cilia => pass through pharyngeal slits => enter endostyle => enter digestive system => exits through exc. shipon
        
        Cephalochordata
        
        Branchiostoma lanceolatum (European lancelet)
        
        LAST INVERTEBRATE AAAAAAA
        
        Usually buries itself half in the sediment but it can also swim short distances
        
        Body is pointy at both ends
        
        The head and mouth are surrounded by cirri, which prevent ingestion of too large food particles
        
        Has an atriopore, which is where filtered water (water sans food particles) leaves
        
        Has an anus, which is where food particles leave
        
        Vertebrata
        
        Vertebral Column
        
        Genome duplication
        
        Neural crest cells
        
        Chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fishes)
        
        Includes sharks and rays (subclass Elasmobranchii), and chimaeras (subclass Holocephali)
        
        Males have mixipterygium (or claspers) that is a part of the pelvic fin that has been extended to a copulatory organ that contributes to internal fertilization
        
        Sharks produce quite a lot of bile because they consume a lot of fat and meat, and bile emulsifies fat to become droplets (?????)
        
        Have a spiral valve which increases the surface area of the intestine
        
        Have placoid scales that are structurally identical to teeth
        
        Actinopterygians (bony fishes)
        
        Have an operculum (structure covering the gills that fish can move so that water passes through the gills)
        
        Have cycloid scales that are calcified (& has collagen) and covered by epidermis
        
        Amphibians (FUCKING CARL)
        
        Frogs don't have ribs because:
        
        it uses the movement of its mouth to expand its lungs
        
        reduce weight for the jumps
        
        its belly rests on the ground so organs don't require the protection provided by ribs
        
        Can breathe through its skin (when it's underwater, it cuts off circulation to its lungs)
        
        Aves (birds)
        
        Females have a single ovary and oviduct to decrease their body weight
        
        Air sacs in their bones that are arranged in such a way that gasses only pass through the circulatory system once
        
        ^ they have a hollow skeleton
        
        Endothermic (generate heat by metabolism)
        
        Wing feathers also provide insulation (for endothermy)
        
        Mammalia (Rattus, aka Stacy)
        
        Male has scrotum with testes, penis
        
        Female has vulva, clitoris, one ovary
        
        M. obliquus abdominis: there are internal and external and they are cross orientated (X), helps move in many directions
        
        M.intercotales: dialating and narrowing the chest during respiration
        
        Relatively large caecum, contains microorganisms that produce enzymes for cellulose digestion
        
        Fallopian tube, where fertilization takes place
        
        Digestive tract: esophagus => stomach => duodenum (pancreas is attached to it) => ileum => jejunum => caecum => colon => rectum => anus.
        
        Sea lamprey
        
        Agnathans (they lack jaws)
        
        Has unpaired fins
        
        The inside of the buccal funnel is covered with horny teeth
        
        Has pineal organ/epiphysis, which contains light receptors and is crucial to regulate day/night rhythms through the production of melatonin, which varies with the amount of light
        
        Seven gill openings
        
        Lateral line system
        
        Head, sucking mouth and tongue are strengthened with cartilage
        
        Notochord clearly visible; forms endoskeleton; strengthens body; attachment site for umscles; continues to exist throughout entire life; its backbone
      - Protostomia blastopore = mouth
        
        Lophotrochozoa
        
        Platyhelminthes
        (flat worm)
        
        Pork tapeworm (Taenia solium) structure:
        
        Scolex (attachment to the epithilium)
        
        Proglottid (reproductive organs)
        
        Yolk gland (provides nutrients for the fertilized egg)
        
        Testis (production of sperm)
        
        Vas deferens (duct to transport male gametes outside)
        
        Ovary (production of eggs)
        
        Uterus (storage of fertilized eggs)
        
        Dugesia sp.
        
        Class: Turbellaria
        
        Digestion: its pharynx will protrude outside of the body then wrap around the food. Digestive juices will then be excreted on the food. The digested pieces of food are expelled via the pharynx again
        
        Locomotion: it secretes mucus from its epidermal glands and it moves on it with the help of cilia on its ventral side
        
        Crenobia alpina
        
        Class; Turbellaria
        
        Excretes undigested remains via pharynx
        
        Gas exchange by diffusion (it's so flat that a proper respiratory and circulatory system isn't needed)
        
        Rotifera
        
        Bdelloidea (Philodina sp.)
        
        Cryptobiosis (even up to 4 years), meaning that their body dries up to an extreme extend accompanied by low level of metabolism
        
        Pseudocoelomate
        
        Parthenogenesis: Asexual reproduction, females produce diploid eggs (2n) i dont need no man :smiley: I'M TELLING ROBERT
        
        Escoprocta
        
        Brachiopoda
        
        Annelida
        (ringed worms)
        
        Ringed Worms (Lumbricus terrestris)
        
        Segments move independently => flexible movement
        
        Segments allow specialization
        
        Bristles assist in movement by anchoring in soil
        
        Circular muscles -> small, long
        
        Longitudinal muscles -> big, short
        
        Has a true coelom
        
        Parapodia help locomotion and respiration
        
        Head formation
        
        Mollusca
        
        Bivalvia (Anodota cygnea)
        
        Incurrent & Excurrent siphon -> water in or out
        
        Gills with mucus and cilia to catch food and move it to the mouth
        
        Labial parts distinguish whether food is edible
        
        Have two shells
        
        Are filter eaters
        
        No radulla
        
        Reduced head
        
        Gastropoda (Cornu aspersum)
        
        Love dart for sperm preservation (stored in seminal recepticle)
        
        Hermaphrodite (mostly), no need to find specific mate, extra energy consumption to produce both gametes
        
        Complete digestive system (?)
        
        Bilateral (can be seen during larval stage)
        
        Radulla to scare off algae
        
        Foot has big surface area and slides over the covering area
        
        Cephalopoda (Loligo opalescens)
        
        Arms with suckers allover to push food towards mouth
        
        Tentacles grab pray (suckers only the the end), can stretch out quickly, transfer food to arms
        
        Open circulatory system, has 2 branchial hearts since it's a predator
        
        Movement: draws water in mantle cavity (inc.) -> shoot the water out (exc.). Steer with fins and pointing the exc. siphon at diff directions
        
        In/excurrent siphon modified to act as the foot, move faster in water
        
        Ecdysozoa
        
        Nematoda
        (round worms)
        
        Round worms (Ascaris Lumbriocoides)
        
        parasitic lifestyle
        
        pseudocoelom
        
        body cavity
        
        thick cuticle, protection from digestive enzymes
        
        sucker mouth
        
        pseudocoleomic fluid makes circulatory system unnecessary
        
        head formation
        
        nematods can also molt (?)
        
        Arthropoda
        
        General Characteristics
        
        exoskeleton
        
        jointed appendages
        
        segmentation -> reduced or even disappeared
        
        compound eyes
        
        Molting
        
        Lobster (Procambarus clarkii)
        
        Palps on maxillipeds to distinguish what it is eating since it can't see
        
        Molts and stores calcium in gastroliths to avoid using energy to produce calcium
        
        Gastroliths absent after molting
        
        Male has testes and vas deferns
        
        Female has two oviducts and trilobular ovaries
        
        Fertilization occurs externally
        
        Grasshopper (Locusta Migratoria, Insecta)
        
        Malpighian tubules have an excretory function
        
        Flight, two pairs of wings
        
        Trachea, inspiration and expiration of air, breathing
        
        Exoskeleton, support, protection of internal organs, allows movement
        
        Females have an ovipositor
        
        Males have a penis which comes out of the subgenital plate