Acoela

Ctenophora

Escoprocta

Brachiopoda

Ringed Worms (Lumbricus terrestris)

• Segments move independently => flexible movement
• Segments allow specialization
• Bristles assist in movement by anchoring in soil
• Circular muscles -> small, long
• Longitudinal muscles -> big, short
• Has a true coelom
• Parapodia help locomotion and respiration
• Head formation

Pork tapeworm (Taenia solium) structure:

• Scolex (attachment to the epithilium)
• Proglottid (reproductive organs)
• Yolk gland (provides nutrients for the fertilized egg)
• Testis (production of sperm)
• Vas deferens (duct to transport male gametes outside)
• Ovary (production of eggs)
• Uterus (storage of fertilized eggs)

Syconoid (Grantia sp.)

• Multiple chambers for water to enter through
• It grows larger since it has more support => more complex and larger surface area
• Still has one osculum
• Pore cells open into canals

Asconoid (Leucosolenia botryoides)

• They are the simplest
• Their pores lead directly to the spongoceal
• Single chamber for the water to enter through

Bivalvia (Anodota cygnea)

• Incurrent & Excurrent siphon -> water in or out
• Gills with mucus and cilia to catch food and move it to the mouth
• Labial parts distinguish whether food is edible
• Have two shells
• Are filter eaters
• No radulla
• Reduced head

Gastropoda (Cornu aspersum)

• Love dart for sperm preservation (stored in seminal recepticle)
• Hermaphrodite (mostly), no need to find specific mate, extra energy consumption to produce both gametes
• Complete digestive system (?)
• Bilateral (can be seen during larval stage)
• Radulla to scare off algae
• Foot has big surface area and slides over the covering area

Cephalopoda (Loligo opalescens)

• Arms with suckers allover to push food towards mouth
• Tentacles grab pray (suckers only the the end), can stretch out quickly, transfer food to arms
• Open circulatory system, has 2 branchial hearts since it's a predator
• Movement: draws water in mantle cavity (inc.) -> shoot the water out (exc.). Steer with fins and pointing the exc. siphon at diff directions
• In/excurrent siphon modified to act as the foot, move faster in water

Chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fishes)

• Includes sharks and rays (subclass Elasmobranchii), and chimaeras (subclass Holocephali)
• Males have mixipterygium (or claspers) that is a part of the pelvic fin that has been extended to a copulatory organ that contributes to internal fertilization
• Sharks produce quite a lot of bile because they consume a lot of fat and meat, and bile emulsifies fat to become droplets (?????)
• Have a spiral valve which increases the surface area of the intestine
• Have placoid scales that are structurally identical to teeth

Bdelloidea (Philodina sp.)

• Cryptobiosis (even up to 4 years), meaning that their body dries up to an extreme extend accompanied by low level of metabolism
• Pseudocoelomate
• Parthenogenesis: Asexual reproduction, females produce diploid eggs (2n) i dont need no man 😃 I'M TELLING ROBERT

Actinopterygians (bony fishes)

• Have an operculum (structure covering the gills that fish can move so that water passes through the gills)
• Have cycloid scales that are calcified (& has collagen) and covered by epidermis

Amphibians (FUCKING CARL)

• Frogs don't have ribs because:
  
  • it uses the movement of its mouth to expand its lungs
  • reduce weight for the jumps
  • its belly rests on the ground so organs don't require the protection provided by ribs
• Can breathe through its skin (when it's underwater, it cuts off circulation to its lungs)

Aves (birds)

• Females have a single ovary and oviduct to decrease their body weight
• Air sacs in their bones that are arranged in such a way that gasses only pass through the circulatory system once
• ^ they have a hollow skeleton
• Endothermic (generate heat by metabolism)
• Wing feathers also provide insulation (for endothermy)

Lobster (Procambarus clarkii)

• Palps on maxillipeds to distinguish what it is eating since it can't see
• Molts and stores calcium in gastroliths to avoid using energy to produce calcium
• Gastroliths absent after molting
• Male has testes and vas deferns
• Female has two oviducts and trilobular ovaries
• Fertilization occurs externally

Hydra vulgaris

• Is a polyp, doesn't have a medusa stage
• Can change shape since it has contractile fibers that push against liquid in gastrovascular cavity

Actinia equina (beadlet anemone)

• Is bilaterally symmetrical (because it has 12 primary septa on each side)

Dugesia sp.

• Class: Turbellaria
• Digestion: its pharynx will protrude outside of the body then wrap around the food. Digestive juices will then be excreted on the food. The digested pieces of food are expelled via the pharynx again
• Locomotion: it secretes mucus from its epidermal glands and it moves on it with the help of cilia on its ventral side

Crenobia alpina

• Class; Turbellaria
• Excretes undigested remains via pharynx
• Gas exchange by diffusion (it's so flat that a proper respiratory and circulatory system isn't needed)

Grasshopper (Locusta Migratoria, Insecta)

• Malpighian tubules have an excretory function
• Flight, two pairs of wings
• Trachea, inspiration and expiration of air, breathing
• Exoskeleton, support, protection of internal organs, allows movement
• Females have an ovipositor
• Males have a penis which comes out of the subgenital plate

Starfish (Asterias Rubens)

• Mostly filled with pyloric ceca (digestive glands), increase surface area for absorption, a lot of digestive enzymes for external digestion
• Water vascular system:
  
  • network of hydraulic canals branching throughout the podia to the tube feet (attached to ampullae)
  • Used for locomotion, gas exchange, water and waste transport, respiration
• Has gonads along its arms
• Eyespots on each arm to detect light
• Has two stomachs, the pyloric (connects with a pair of pyloric ceca) and cardiac
• It everts its cardiac stomach from the mouth to surround its prey
• Madreporite connected to stone canal, stone canal extends to ring canal (encircles mouth) which lies against the central disc (ossified). A radial canal diverges from ring canal and a series of lateral canals connects the radial canal to the tube feet
• Tiedemann's bodies remove foreign particles by phagocytosis
  

Ciona Intestinalis (vase tunicate)

• Switches to budding during favorable conditions (no need for genetic variation)
• Open vascular system (pumps bodily fluid?)
• Water/ food particle flow:
  
  • inc. siphon => filtered through cilia => pass through pharyngeal slits => enter endostyle => enter digestive system => exits through exc. shipon

Branchiostoma lanceolatum (European lancelet)

• LAST INVERTEBRATE AAAAAAA
• Usually buries itself half in the sediment but it can also swim short distances
• Body is pointy at both ends
• The head and mouth are surrounded by cirri, which prevent ingestion of too large food particles
• Has an atriopore, which is where filtered water (water sans food particles) leaves
• Has an anus, which is where food particles leave

Mammalia (Rattus, aka Stacy)

• Male has scrotum with testes, penis
• Female has vulva, clitoris, one ovary
• M. obliquus abdominis: there are internal and external and they are cross orientated (X), helps move in many directions
• M.intercotales: dialating and narrowing the chest during respiration
• Relatively large caecum, contains microorganisms that produce enzymes for cellulose digestion
• Fallopian tube, where fertilization takes place
• Digestive tract: esophagus => stomach => duodenum (pancreas is attached to it) => ileum => jejunum => caecum => colon => rectum => anus.

Sea lamprey

• Agnathans (they lack jaws)
• Has unpaired fins
• The inside of the buccal funnel is covered with horny teeth
• Has pineal organ/epiphysis, which contains light receptors and is crucial to regulate day/night rhythms through the production of melatonin, which varies with the amount of light
• Seven gill openings
• Lateral line system
• Head, sucking mouth and tongue are strengthened with cartilage
• Notochord clearly visible; forms endoskeleton; strengthens body; attachment site for umscles; continues to exist throughout entire life; its backbone