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23 year old male demonstrating severe muscle spasms in the face & arm
23 year old male demonstrating severe muscle spasms in the face & arm
Downstream
Muscular System
Tetanospasmin can cause muscle stiffness and spasms
Neck and jaw muscles lock, making it hard to open the mouth or swallow
Uncontrolled/involuntary tightening of the vocal cords
Circulatory System
Elevated blood pressure (hypertension)
Rapid heart rate
Blood clots
Nervous System
Bacteria spreads to the CNS and produces a toxin called tetanospasmin
The toxin is a poison that blocks the nerve signals from your spinal cord to your muscles
Tetanospasmin impairs the nerves that control your muscles (motor neurons)
Excessive sweating
Brain damage due to lack of oxygen during spasms
Jerking or staring (seizures)
Skeletal System
The severity of spasms may cause the spine and other bones to break
Respiratory System
Severe tetanus-induced muscle spasms can interfere with or stop your breathing.
Respiratory failure is the most common cause of death
Pneumonia (an infection of the lungs) brain damage due to lack of oxygen.
Background info
Physiology
Muscular system: permits movement of the body, maintains posture and circulates blood throughout the body
Circulatory system: is responsible for the flow of blood, nutrients, oxygen and other gases, and as well as hormones to and from cells.
Nervous system: responsible for the control of the body and communication among its parts
Skeletal system: is imperative for movement & it also helps create the red blood cells that carry oxygen around your body, allowing you to make energy
Respiratory system: allows us to breathe and exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen.
Summation
Temporal summation: Rapidly firing presynaptic neuron causes EPSPs that close in TIME
Shouting fire quickly over and over again
Spatial summation: More than 1 presynatic neuron firing at the same time. EPSPs are generated at different locations
Many people shouting fire at the same time
No summation: Slowly firing presynaptic neuron causes EPSPs that are far apart in time.
Threshold is not reached, therefore no AP is generated
Shouting fire every few minutes
Process of Excitation Contraction Coupling
1) A neuron releases ACh
2) Chemically gated Na+ channels open
3)The membrane of a muscle fiber depolarizes
4) The voltage gated Ca+ channels open
5) Calcium binds to troponin
6) Tropomyosin unblocks the myosin binding sites on actin
7) Myosin attaches and slides past actin.
Excitatory & Inhibitory
EPSPs = Open channels that depolarize the membrane such as Na+ & K+
IPSPs= Open channels that hyperpolarize the membrane such as K+ & CL-
Neuron structures
Nissl Bodies: Granules of rough E.R. in cytoplasm of neurons
Axon:Carries impulse AWAY from the cell body
Cell Body: Portion of the neuron that the nucleus & most organelles are found
Schwann Cells: Forms myelin sheaths in PNS
Dendrites: Receives incoming signals & conveys them towards the cell body
Myelin Sheath: Fatty layer that surround & electrically insulate the axon, speeding up nerve impulses
Axon Hillock: Axon leaves the cell body
3 Neuron Structural Classifications
1) Unipolar: 1 extension off the cell body; sensory
2: Bipolar: 2 extensions; special sensory
3) Multipolar: Multiple extensions; cannot predict but motor/inter neurons
Clostridium tetani : Bacteria spreads to the CNS and produces a toxin called tetanospasmin
Tetanus toxin amplifies the chemical signal from the nerve to the muscle, which causes the muscles to tighten up in a continuous contraction or spasm
Anatomy
Muscular system: consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles
Circulatory system: consist the heart (cardiovascular), lungs (pulmonary), and arteries, veins, coronary and portal vessels.
Nervous system: consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the nerves that connect these organs with the rest of the body.
Skeletal system: consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons.
Respiratory system: the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
A neuron
Summation: neuron uses more than 1 message to determine depolarization
Excitation–contraction coupling is the process of converting an electrical stimulus to a mechanical response. It is the link between the action potential generated in the sarcolemma and the start of a muscle contraction
EPSPs & IPSPs = changes the membrane charge & fires msgs
Clostridium tetani : bacteria whose spores produce two distinct toxins—tetanolysin, which causes local tissue destruction, and tetanospasmin, which causes clinical tetanus.
Upstream causes
Tetanus neurotoxin binds to the presynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction, is internalized and transported to the spinal cord
Tetanus toxin affects the interaction between the nerve and the muscle that it stimulates, specifically at the neuromuscular junction
The patient did not get the tetanus vaccine, which could've prevented from the infection
The patient used a dirty needle.
