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Chapter 2 (Origins of Management (Egyptians 4000 to 2000 BCE (Planning,…

- - - - Parties in a conflict should engage in integrative conflict resolution instead of domination and compromise
        
        integrative conflict resolution: Both parties indicate their preferences and work together to find an alternative that meets both their needs
        
        Domination: an approach to dealing with conflict in which one party satisfies its desires and objectives at the expense of the other party's desires and objectives
        
        Compromise: an approach to dealing with conflict in which both parties give up some of what they want in order to reach an agreement on a plan to reduce or settle the conflict
  - - - Stated that the willingness of employees to cooperate depends on their perception and acceptance of executive authority
      - Organization:as a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces created by two or more people
- - - - Part 2
        
        Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the workman, whereas in the past, he chose his own work and trained himself as best
        he could
    - - Heartily cooperate with the men so as to ensure all of the work being done is in accordance with the principles of the science that has been
        developed
    - - There is an almost equal division of the work and the responsibility between the management and and the workmen. The management take over all the work for which they are better fitted than the workmen, while in the past, almost all of the work and the greater part of the responsibility were thrown upon the men
    - - Develop a science for each element of a man's work, which replaces the old-rule of thumb
  - - - Breaking each task or job into its separate motions and then eliminating those that are unnecessary or repetitive
  - - - Indicates which tasks must be completed at which times in order to complete a project or task
- - - - Exercise of control on the basis of knowledge, expertise, or experience
        
        Impartial application of rules and procedures
        
        Chain of command
        
        Recorded in writing
        
        Merit-based promotion
        
        Managers separate from owners
        
        Qualification-based hiring
        
        Division of labor
  - - - Increase production by dividing work so that each worker completes smaller tasks or job elements
    - - A manager's authority, which is the "right to give orders," should be commensurate with the manager's responsibility. However, organizations should enact controls to prevent managers from abusing their authority
    - - Clearly defined rules and procedures are needed at all organizational levels to ensure order and proper behavior
    - - To avoid confusion and conflict, each employee should report o and receive orders from just one boss
    - - one person and one plan should be used in deciding the activities to be carried out to accomplish each organizational objective
    - - Employees must out the organization's interests and goals before there own
    - - Compensation should be fair and satisfactory to both the employees and organization; that is, don't over or underpay employees
    - - Avoid too much centralization or decentralization. Strike a balance depending of the circumstances and employees involved
    - - From the top to the bottom of an organization, each position is part of a vertical chain of authority in which each worker reports to just one boss. For the sake of simplicity, communication outside normal work groups or departments should follow the vertical chain of authority
    - - To avoid confusion and conflict, order can be obtained by having a place for everyone and having everyone in his or her place; in other words, there should be no overlapping responsibilities
    - - Kind, fair, and just treatment for all will develop devotion and loyalty. This does not exclude discipline, if warranted, and consideration of the broader general interests of the organization
    - - Low turnover, meaning a stable work force with high tenure, benefits an organization by improving performance, lowering costs, and giving employees, especially managers, time to learn their jobs.
    - - Because it is a "great source of strength for business," managers should encourage the development of initiative, or the ability to develop and implement a plan, in others
    - - Develop a strong sense of morale and unity among workers that encourage coordination of efforts
- - - - Introduced the concept of manufacturing using standardized, interchangeable parts
    - - Explained techniques for drawing three-dimensional objects that helped in making standardized, interchangeable parts without first examining a prototype
    - - Invented hand-to-mouth inventory system that was similar to just-in-time inventory systems