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Community Ecology (Species Interaction in a community (Commensalism: (two…
Community Ecology
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Lotka-Volterra Model: used to describe the dynamics of biological systems in which two species interact, one as a predator and the other as prey.
dN/dt = rN-aNP
dN/dt=rate of change with time of the prey population; r=intrinsic rate of increase for prey; N=number of prey individuals; a=predator’s per capita attack rate; P= number of predator individuals
dP/dt = faNP-qP
dP/dt= rate of change with time of predator population; f=constant, indicating predator’s efficiency at converting the prey it has eaten into new predators; q=predator’s per capita mortality rate
Zero Growth Isocline: expected equilibrium population sizes of one species if abundance of the second species is held constant, and vice versa.
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Diversity and Scale
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S= cA^z
S-number of species,
A-area, c and z are constants discovered by studying individual communities
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Interaction
Predator Prey Cycling
Feedback mechanism
As prey number declines, there is not enough food to sustain a high predator population and thus predator death rate exceeds that of birth rate
As predator populations increase, prey death rate exceeds birth rate, resulting in prey decline
As more food for predators is available, predator survival and reproductive success increases, resulting in predator population growth following that of their prey
At low prey and predator population sizes, prey increase exponentially
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Predator Prey Interaction: interactions between two species and their consequent effects on each other. The prey species is the animal being fed on, and the predator is the animal being fed.
Species abundance distribution: distribution of commonness and rarity in ecological systems. 
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Holling's Equation: relationship between the number of prey items eaten during a period of time and prey density. Na increases with the total time (T), prey density (N), and/or attack rate (aí), but decreases as handling time (Th) increases.
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Climax Community: the process of ecological succession in the development of vegetation in an area over time, have reached a steady state. (Populus tremuloides)
Community Restoration: Work and projects that are carried out with the objective of altering a group of organisms back to a more natural state. For example, by reintroducing wolves into various areas or by removing dams from rivers.
Habitat loss: result of any of several processes that cause a habitat to be unable to support the species diversity it had when in a natural state. Eg: Clearing land for agriculture, cities, and mining all contribute to habitat loss, as does climate change.
Habitat Fragmentation: conversion of a large habitat into several smaller ones. Example: Building canals or logging strips of forest are examples of activities that fragment habitats
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