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Muscles (Upstream Causes (Cramping (no ions in body because he wont drink…

- - - - he is concerned about his health and diet
      - works out regularly
      - working out is good for you
      - hydration is important
    - - uneducated about health and fitness
      - skips meals
      - over-working out is damaging
      - too much water can be negative
      - vegans have to monitor their intake well so that theyre getting all of the right proteins and nutrients
- - - - Muscle Fiber Excitation
        
        depolarization triggers an AP
      - Excitation-Contraction Coupling
        
        Sarcoplasmic Reticulum releases Ca2+
        
        Ca2+ binds to troponin which moves tropomyosin to uncover active sites on actin, myosin heads bind to actin
        
        ap travels down to t tubules
      - Events at Neuromuscular junction
        
        ACh is released into synaptic cleft
        
        ACh binds receptors on the folds of the sarcolemma
        
        Motor Neuron fires AP down its axon
        
        ACh causes depolarization
      - Cross Bridge Cycle
        
        Myosin head attaches to actin myofilament, forming a cross bridge
        
        ADP and P are released for myosin power stroke and pulls actin toward the m line, myosin returns to bent low energy state
        
        ATP attaches to myosin which weakens m-a link and the cross bridge breaks, separation
        
        ATP is hydrolized to adp and p the myosin returns to cocked high energy position
  - - - ATP supplies energy to many processes
        
        detach cross bridges
        
        operate the calcium pump in the SR
        
        supplies energy to move
        
        operate the Na+-K+ pump in the plasma membrane
        
        ATP is the only energy source used directly for contraction
        
        ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP after use and is regenerated within a fraction of a second by multiple options
        
        anaerobic pathway: glycolysis and lactic acid formation
        
        breaking down glucose obtained from the blood or glycogen in the muscle
        
        glycolysis is anaerboic
        
        makes two pyruvic acid moleules that release enough energy to make small amounts of ATP
        
        if not enough oxygen p acid is converted to lactic acid
        
        lactic acid is the end product of glucose metabolism
        
        lactic acid leftover causes soreness in muscles
        
        can be impaired because bulging muscles
        
        aerobic respiration
        
        95% of atp comes from ar
        
        requires oxygen and mitochondria
        
        glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxde + water + ATP
        
        Direct Phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phospate
        
        creatine phosphate is a high energy molecule stored in muscles is used to regenerate ATP
        
        CP + ADP= creatine + ATP
        
        catalyzed by creatine kinase
        
        muscle cells store 2 to 3x more CP then ATP
  - - - striated
      - voluntary
      - responsible for body motility
      - muscle fibers
      - skeletal muscle is made up of several tissues
        
        nerve fibers
        
        every skeletal muscle is supplied with a nerve ending to stimulate it
        
        connective tissue sheaths
        
        reinforce and hold muscle together
        
        epimysium
        
        overcoat of dense connective tissue
        
        surrounds the whole muscle
        
        "outside the muscle"
        
        perimysium and fascicles
        
        dense irregular connective tissue surrounds fasicicles (bundles of muscle fibers)
        
        "around the muscle"
        
        endomysium
        
        fine areolar connecrive tissue that wraps each muscle fiber
        
        "within the muscle"
        
        help with elasticity of muscles and transmit pulling force to bone
        
        provide entryways for vessels and nerve fibers
        
        blood vessels
        
        need big blood supply because sm takes alot of energy
        
        muscle
        
        has hundreds to thousands of muscle cells (fibers) as well as connective tissue sheaths, blood vessels, and nerve fibers, surrounded by epimysium
        
        Fascicle
        
        bundle of muscle cells separated by the perimysium
        
        Muscle Fiber
        
        elongated multinucleated striated cell, surrounded by endomysium
        
        sarcolemma- muscle cell plasma membrane
        
        sarcoplasm has myoglobin and glycosomes
        
        Myofibril
        
        rodlike contractile elements in a muscle cell
        
        1 more item...
        
        Sarcomere
        
        2 more items...
    - - striated
      - involuntary
      - contracts to push blood
    - - non-striated
      - involuntary
      - muscle fibers
      - force substances through body channels
  - - - Increased Inorganic Phosphate
        
        Phosphate from creatine phosphate and ATP breakdown can interfere with Ca release
        
        interfere with phosphate release during myosin's power stroke
      - Decreased ATP and increased Magnesium
        
        as ATP decreases magnesium increases
        
        interferes with t tubule and decreases Ca2+ release
      - Ionic Imbalances
        
        Ionic changes after use disturb cell membrane potential
        
        reduce action potential size which reduces amount of Ca2+ released from the SR
        
        as goes on potassium is lost sodium is gained
      - Decreased Glycogen
        
        causes fatigue, glycogen provides energy
- - - - have to do the workouts separately
      - cardio to get rid of fat and then weight training to build muscle
        
        cardio
        
        running and cycling
        
        eating less, fasting not eating before workouts
        
        weight training
        
        max weights, eccentric contractions
        
        bulking, eating lots of protein, fuel reserves build muscle
      - each type of workout requires a different diet and exercise approach
      - this is causing weight loss and fatigue because hes overworking without proper diet
    - - rest is just as important between workouts
  - - - fasting
        
        no calories means he will lose weight
        
        lack of nutrients leads to fatigue
        
        less ATP, glyocgen, and stored fat to live off of
      - does not like tofu or soy
        
        vegan food that has alot of protein
        
        lack of protein consumption does not allow his muscles to get bigger
      - over-consumption of water dilutes his fluids
        
        sports drinks are helpful in restoring ions to body
        
        lack of ions inhibits alot of muscle processes
  - - - Reproductive
        
        lack of nutrients can lead to reproductive processes to shut down
        
        lowered libido
      - Skeletal
        
        Bones will be broken down by osteoytes so that the body can have calcium and phosphorus for more important processes
        
        brittle bones
      - Muscular
        
        muscles need certain ions to function correctly
        
        muscle spasms and fatigue
      - Cardiac
        
        ions are also needed for cardiac muscle to function well
        
        lack of nutrition gives fatigue
        
        could degrade cardiac muscle and lead to fainting and dizzy spells