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chapter 27( bonus MM) (biomes (tundra (continental drift (desert islands,…

- - - - in the past, conditions on earth's surface were quite different and so were the distributions of plants and animals. similarly, the conditions will be altered in the future, and organisms will be affected by that a well
      - desert islands
        
        low-lying, small islands such as the florida keys and the smallest islands in the Bahamas are too flat to affect the air; extremely dry, often with no fresh water streams or lakes
        
        rain shadow
        
        the decreased rain on the landward side of mountains; as air continues eastward, it encounters the sierra Nevadas and the rocky mountains and is forced upwards again, and more rain falls. descending east of the Rockies, rains cease, and the air moves across the central plains and only rarely provides precipitation
        
        gondwanaland
        
        southern hemisphere was giant continent; it was composed of south America, Africa, india, Australia, and Antarctica. Gondwanaland was constructed such that south America and Africa were attached, and brazil and northwest Africa were located at the south pole. the rest of the continent extended northward toward the tropics, but on the opposite side of the world form north America and Eurasia.
        
        laurasia
        
        during the Silurian period, north America collided with Eurasia, forming the Appalachian mountains, which have almost entirely eroded away in the intervening 400 million years.
        
        pangaea
        
        next, Gondwanaland moved north and ran into Laurasia, pushing up the alps. Virtually all land on the entire globe was located together as one supercontinent
        
        Tethys sea
        
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