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Bone Health (composition of bones (made up of two types of bone tissue…

- - - - Composes small bones and outer surface of long bones
    - - 20% of skeleton
      - at the ends of long bones, spinal vertebrate, pelvis and ribs
  - - - breaks down bones
    - - builds up the bones
- - - - It protects against high blood pressure and acts as a vasodilator
      - lower rates of heart disease in regions where people drink hard water (e.g. Mg and Ca)
    - - over 300 enzyme systems require Magnesium (e.g. protein, fat, and nucleic acid (DNA) synthesis
      - Magnesium inhibits blood clotting, which is an ion antagonist against Calcium within the body
    - - Magnesium helps hold Calcium in the teeth which then helps reduce the formation of cavities
      - the bone also acts as a reservoir (storage) for Magnesium
    - - Whole grains, halibut, tofu
    - - intermittent muscular spasms at extremely low levels in the body
      - irregular heart beat, loss of appetite, hypertension, weakness, and disorientation
        
        risks are gradually seen due to Magnesium storage in bones
        
        losses due to: alcoholism, kidney disease, prolonged use of diuretics, prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, and heavy perspiration over time
  - - - needed for osteoblasts to produce osteocalcin, which is a calcium-binding hormone made in osteoblasts that promotes calcium mineralization
    - - specifically important for infants who are born with sterile gut- no bacterial synthesis
      - after the consumption of Vitamin K, it takes a few weeks to establish bacterial synthesis inside the body
      - infants receive a dose (oral or IM) of Vitamin K shortly after their birth to prevent the formation of occurrence of hemorrhaging
  - - - help crystals found in bond and to create fluorapatite, which essentially means a stronger crystal in bones and teeth
    - - bone and teeth mineralization
    - - Fluoride is best taken before teeth erupt through the gums (e.g. baby teeth forming, permanent teeth or wisdom teeth formation
- - - - other roles
        
        maintain fluid balance
        
        required component in blood and tissue
    - - factors that hinder absorption
        
        high and wide range of phosphorus is found in body
        
        no real factors hinder absorption
      - efficient absorption around 60-90%
      - vitamin D enhances absorption
    - - Phosphorus intake levels North America is quite low due to the poor soil fertility, low water retention and low nutrient holding capacity; resulting in lower soil phosphorus availability
  - - - pre-vitamin D must use the body's heat for the process of hydroxylation to occur
      - UV rays from the sun need to hit precursor on our skin to create pre-vitamin D
      - liver and kidneys both come into this process by adding OH groups
    - - suppresses or enhances activity of genes that regulate cell growth
      - primary role
        
        regulate blood calcium
      - Bone growth and regulate bone metabolism
      - active form of vitamin D is Calcitriol
        
        found in three areas
        
        bones
        
        kidneys
        
        intestines
    - - adults
        
        Osteomalacia- soft bones
        
        increasing pain in lower back and legs
        
        kidney, liver, intestinal diseases
      - children
        
        improper mineralization and formation of bones
        
        Rickets
        
        "knock-knees"
  - - - proteins found in food help in retaining calcium
        
        calcium: protein ratio is important 16 mg:1 g or 20 mg: 1 g to prevent loss in urine
      - sodium in foods causes loss of calcium
      - fluoride in food helps in building bone crystals
    - - extracellular calcium helps in blood-clotting
      - calcium in the extracellular also maintain normal blood pressure
    - - enhanced by
        
        presence of vitamin D
        
        presence of lactose
      - absorption is hindered by
        
        polyphenols found in tea and coffee
        
        vitamin D deficiency
        
        supplement use
        
        old age
        
        high fat intake
        
        high fiber intake
      - 25-30% is absorbed
    - - essential for bone formation
      - provide rigid frame so body can be held up right
    - - low amounts of calcium might result in osteoporosis
        
        1/4 Canadian women at risk and 1/8 Canadian men are at risk of bone loss
      - factors that affect risk of osteoporosis
        
        genetics and hormones
        
        age and gender
        
        smoking and drinking alcohol
        
        physical activity
        
        body weight
      - Prevention of bone loss due to calcium deficiency
        
        treatments
        
        Bisphosphate therapy tries to inhibit osteoclast activity
        
        Calcitonin Therapy tries to inhibit loss of minerals in bones by decreasing osteoclast activity
        
        Vitamin D therapy used to increase active form of vitamin D to enhance calcium absorption
        
        Estrogen therapy which is used primary for women during menopause
        
        best way is to slowly increase the consumption of calcium rich foods
      - increases the risk of bone fractures
        
        methods to decrease bone fracture
        
        For adults having a moderate active lifestyle and decreasing alcohol consumption and smoking will reduce risks
        
        For young women, by limiting exposure to sun, having a moderate and active lifestyle, and adequate intake of calcium as child
        
        For women with menopause appropriate therapy and an active lifestyle while help in reducing risks. As well as consuming proper nutrients for bone health
- - - - supplement use (overconsumption)
- - - - Uses sound waves to measure bone density. Usually measured at the heels and is painless
    - - x-rays measured at the heels, wrist, and fingers and is painless
    - - Takes ~20 minutes, Painless and non-invasive
- - - - Infants
        
        infants born with a sterile GI tract - inadequate endogenous synthesis of Vitamin K by bacteria
    - - anti-coagulant drugs (eg. warfarin) effects are hindered
      - brain damage, jaundice, RBC hemolysis
    - - Kale, broccoli, green beans
    - - bacteria synthesizes Vitamin K in the large intestine
    - - resistant to loses during cooking
- - - - Adults
        
        Fluoride helps fill in surface micro-lesions and is antimicrobial. (dental problems)
      - Developing children (dental problems)
        
        at age 8-10 wisdom teeth start forming
        
        at week 20 of pregnancy, the baby teeth start forming gums
        
        first 3 or 4 years of life, permanent teeth start forming under the gums
    - - Fluorosis is a condition caused by toxicity. It is seen as white specs, mottling, or brown streaks on teeth
      - signs
        
        Skeleton causes abnormal hardening that makes the bones brittle and can lead to osteoporosis
    - - fish, shellfish, seaweed