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Introduction to Metabolism (Free Energy (Equation components (∆H: Enthalpy…
Introduction to Metabolism
Enzyme activity
Role
Facilitate reactions
Regulate metabolism
Mechanism
Lower activation energy
Substrate
Change substrate shape
Change substrate position
Action in enzyme substrate complex
Definition: Reactant an enzyme acts on
Influencers
Temperature
Substrate concentration: Higer the concetration of substrate, more activity
pH
Enzymes optimal in certain range
Regulation
Cofactors: Aid the activity of the enzyme
Inhibitors
Competitive: block substrate from entering active site
Noncompetitive: Alter enzyme itself
Free Energy
Equation: ∆G = ∆H - T∆S
Application
Spontaneous/Exergonic
Can occur naturally under proper conditions
Non-spontaneous/Endergonic
Cannot occur naturally, without outside input
Driven by
Energy coupling: The use of exergonic processes to drive an endergonic one
ATP involvement
Definition: portion of a system's energy that can perform work
Equation components
∆H: Enthalpy
T: Temperature
∆G: Gibb's Free Energy
∆S: Entropy
Thermodynamics
First Law
Definition: Energy can be transformed, but not created or destroyed
Example: Electrical energy from outlet to light in lamp
Second Law
Definition: Every energy transformation increases the entropy of the universe
Example: The gradual decay and decomposition of a rock overtime
Metabolism
Catabolism
Definition: Breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds
Example: Cellular respiration
Anabolism
Defintion: Build complicated molecules from simpler ones
Example: Synthesis of proteins from amino acids
Energy
Potential
Definition: Energy of a non-moving object, not kinetic
Example: Potential energy avaliable for release in a chemical reaction
Kinetic
Definition: Energy associated with the relative motion of objects
Example: Thermal energy, random movement of molecules
Entropy
Definition: Measure of molecular disorder
Application: Reactions tend to move things from order to disorder (Spontaneous reactions)