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Patient Information: 23 year old Male Demonstrating severe Face &…
Patient Information:
23 year old Male
Demonstrating severe Face & Arm Muscle Spasms
Patient can hardly speak
Upstream
Indirect Cause:
Patient got a fresh tattoo
Blood test reveals
patient is infected
with
Clostridium Tetani
Patient was
never vaccinated
against this bacterium.
Direct Cause:
Severe Face & Arm Muscle Spasms
The enzyme Acetylcholinesterase ( AChE) is being blocked.
OR Neurotransmitter imbalance.
Downstream
Clostridium Tetani
Tetanus Infection
There is no cure for Tetanus
Common Symptoms:
Lock Jaw
Difficulty Swallowing
Shortness of breath
Body Spasms
Fever
Drooling
Excessive Sweating
Central Nervous System
:
Toxin blocks nerve signals from your spinal cord to your muscles, causing severe muscle spasms.
It descends from the head to the entire body.
Muscular System:
These spasms can be so powerful that they tear the muscles
Skeletal System:
Can also cause bone fractures
Often causes arching of the spine called Opisthotonos.
untreated fractures can cause more infections like Osteomyelitis.
Death
Abdominopelvic Region
Urinary System:
Uncontrolled Urination or Defecation
Neck
Swallowing Difficulty
Stiffness in the Neck
Choking
Death
Respiratory System:
Difficulty Breathing
Muscle Spasms can close off breathing passages that can cause lack of oxygen
Which can lead to irreversible brain damage
Death
Respiratory Arrest
Death
Pulmonary Embolism
affects
Lungs, Heart and produces symptoms of low oxygen
in the rest of the body.
Death
Cardiovascular System
Diastolic Heart Failure
:
Your heart muscle is stiff and does not fill up with blood easily.
Congestive Heart Failure
:
As the heart's pumping becomes less effective, blood may back up in other areas of the body. Fluid may build up in the lungs, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and the arms and legs
Death
In severe cases,
sympathetic overactivity
(SOA) will occur
in which
sympathetic nerves
, which govern involuntary body responses, are
hyperstimulated
, triggering the spasmodic constriction of blood vessels.
Cardiovascular System:
Tachycardia
Arrhythmia
Death
Cranial Cavity:
Paroxysmal Hypertension
Profuse Sweating
High Fever
Background
Anatomy
Clostridium Tetani
a common
bacterium
found in soil that can be transmitted by using dirty needles.
Central Nervous System
consist of the Brain and the Spinal Cord
Cardiovascular System
consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Muscular System
is responsible for the movement of the human body
Skeletal System
includes the bones of the skeleton and the cartilages, ligaments, and other connective tissue that stabilize or connect the bones
Neurotransmitters
are substances which neurons use to communicate with one another and with their target tissues in the process of synaptic transmission (neurotransmission)
Excitatory VS Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
Excitatory Neurotransmitters
open channels that
depolorizes
the membrane
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
open channels that
hyperpolarize
the membrane
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
An enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at the synaptic cleft (the space between two nerve cells) so the next nerve impulse can be transmitted across the synaptic gap
Summation
The process that determines whether or not an action potential will be generated
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
process of converting an electrical stimulus to a mechanical response.
Physiology
Clostridium Tetani
Produces
a toxin
that
affects neurons
and their ability to release neurotransmitters.
Respiratory System,
which includes air passages, pulmonary vessels, the lungs, and breathing muscles, aids the body in the exchange of gases between the air and blood, and between the blood and the body's billions of cells
Central Nervous System
it controls our thoughts, movements, emotions, and desires. It also controls our breathing, heart rate, the release of some hormones, body temperature, and much more.
Cardiovascular System
has three main functions: Transport of nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells throughout the body and removal of metabolic wastes (carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes).
Muscular System
function is movement, but it also helps stabilize our joints, maintain our posture and generate heat during activity
Skeletal System
provides the structural support for the human body and protects our organs.
Our bones also serve several other vital functions, including producing blood cells and storing and releasing fats and minerals
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are synthesized in and released from nerve endings into the synaptic cleft. From there, neurotransmitters bind to receptor proteins in the cellular membrane of the target tissue. The target tissue gets excited, inhibited, or functionally modified in some other way.
Excitatory VS Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
Summation
the additive effect of several electrical impulses on a neuromuscular junction, the junction between a nerve cell and a muscle cell.
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
