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A 23 year old patient who has been experiencng severe face and arm spasms…

- - - - These particular neurons are found within the CNS
    - - can be found in muscles, organs, and glands
    - - These are commonly found in the skin
  - - - one extension off of the cell body
    - - Most common
      - Multiple extensions from cell body
    - - two extensions from cell body
  - - - thin cell membrane surrounding muscle fiber
    - - acetylcholinesterase
        
        enzyme
        
        used during hydrolysis
    - - increases surface area of the membrane
      - also expands acetylcholine receptors
  - - - Temporal Summation
        
        rapidly firing presynaptic neuron
        
        ESPS are close in time
      - Spatial Summation
        
        More than one presynaptic neuron that fires at the same time
        
        ESPS are generated at different locations on neuron
      - No Summation
        
        Slow firing presynaptic neuron
        
        ESPS are far apart in time
  - - - heart
    - - muscles of body
    - - bones
    - - nerves
      - brain
      - spinal cord
    - - lungs
      - diaphragm
- - - - Impulses are conducted within the CNS
      - Integrates sensory input
      - Able to credit the proper motor output
    - - Carries impulses away from CNS effectors
    - - transmits impulses from sensory receptors of skin or organs
      - Takes impulses TOWARD the CNS
  - - - used for sensation
      - always sensory neurons
    - - Most abundant
      - multifunctional
      - Able to transport lots of information at one time
    - - special sensory organs
        
        hearing, seeing, balancing
      - can be found in retina of the eye
  - - - Two ESPS"s close in time
      - added together (temporal=time)
      - summation brings axon to threshold
      - AP is fired
    - - two ESPS's at same time from different locations
      - They are added together
      - spatial=location
      - summation brings axon initial segment to threshold
      - AP is fired
    - - Two ESPS's are separated in time
      - They do not add together
      - threshold is not reached
      - no AP is generated
  - - - transport nutrients, oxygen, hormones
    - - movement
      - stabilize joints
      - generate heat
    - - supports body
      - allows for movement
    - - control of the body
      - fast homeostasis
    - - gas exchange
      - taking in oxygen, expelling carbon dioxide
  - - - Causes local tissue destruction
    - - Causes clinical tetanus
    - - Hypertonicity can happen
      - Severe muscular spasms can develop
- - - - Neurons are now infected
        
        Toxins enter the terminal buds
        
        Toxins now block the inhibitory interneuron
        
        muscles cant stop firing messages
        
        muscles continuously contract
        
        enters into the cell body
        
        gets into the spinal cord
        
        it takes between 2-14 days for toxin to reach the cell body
    - - reaches the terminal bud
        
        causes muscles to start contracting
- - - - could be prevented with right precautions
- - - - the toxin tetanospasmin blocks nerve signals
        
        happens between spinal cord and brain
      - can lead to muscle spasms
        
        hard to control
        
        body not able to release neurotransmitters to make it stop
        
        due to blockage
    - - toxins travel to the motor neuron
        
        reaches inhibitory nerve terminals
        
        toxins block inhibitory neurotransmitters
        
        motor neurons begin to dysfunction
        
        muscles become rigid
        
        spasms occur
        
        becomes very heard to move
        
        jaw can be come locked
        
        could be a reason why patient was unable to speak
        
        reaches spinal cord and brain stem
    - - messages are no longer being sent the right way
        
        causes miscommunication between spinal cord and muscles
        
        this leads to irregular muscle spasms
  - - - rapid heart rate
        
        can lead to cardiac arrest
        
        most cases leading to death
      - uncontrollable muscle contraction can affect heart
        
        no proper blood flow
      - blood pressure can rise
  - - - could have a pulmonary embolism
        
        blockage in lungs
    - - hard to breathe
        
        diaphragm won't be able to contact correctly
        
        breathing could stop all together
  - - - spinal sensors are ready to go and fire
      - uncontrollable messages
      - they respond to the smallest messages
        
        including the touching of skin
        
        muscles will constantly contract
        
        lots of stiffness and spasms can occur
        
        can have greater affects on neck and jaw
  - - - uncontrollable contraction of muscles can cause strain on bones
        
        bones can easily break
- - - - this allows for the action potential to be reached everywhere in the muscle
      - creates the full contraction
      - calcium changes the charge of the membrane