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NMJ impaired by C. tetani (Downstream effects (Muscular system (If it gets…
NMJ impaired by
C. tetani
Upstream causes
Direct Cause
The Tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) binds to the presynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction ( which is internalized and transported through neurons to the spinal cord)
tetanus toxin blocks inhibitory nerve impulses, by interfering with the release of neurotransmitters; blocks nerve signals from your spinal cord to your muscles.
leads to unopposed muscle contraction and spasm.
Indirect Cause
The patient went to a sketchy tattoo shop and a tetanus-infected needle was used to tattoo the patient, resulting in the bacteria invading his bloodstream
Downstream effects
Muscular system
If it gets deep into muscle tissue, there's high possibility for a necrotic infection= patches of tissue start to die and the bacteria starts to replicate
muscles spasms; "lock-jaw"
Laryngospasm:
Cardiovascular system
vascoconstriction; elevated BP
Respiratory system
difficulty breathing due to neck/chest muscle stiffness
Pulmonary embolism
Skeletal system
In severe cases, the spine will arch backward as the back muscles become affected.
muscle spasms may become intense enough to cause bones to break and joints to dislocate
Nervous system
Tetanic seizures- If infection spreads to the brain, person with tetanus can experience fits.
toxin blocks nerve signals from spinal cord to muscles= spasms
Urinary system
Severe kidney failure (acute renal failure): Severe muscle spasms can result in the destruction of skeletal muscle which can cause a muscle protein to leak into the urine; can cause severe kidney failure.
Physiology
Normal function organ systems
Skeletal System
Structural support
protect organs
permit movement w/ the muscular system
Urinary System
produces, stores, and eliminates waste (urine)
Respiratory system
responsible for the breathing in of O2 and expelling CO2
Muscular system
permits movement w/ the skeletal system
stabilize joints
generate heat
Cardiovascular system
Transport of nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells throughout the body
removal of metabolic wastes (carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes).
Nervous system
responsible for the control of the body and communication among its parts
Functional classification of neurons
sensory neurons
transmit impulses from sensory receptors in the skin or organs toward the CNS
interneurons
conduct impulses within the CNS and integrate incoming sensory input to predict the proper motor output
motor neurons
carry impulses away from the CNS to effectors
Normal cellular processes
Excitation-contraction coupling
chemically-gated sodium (Na+) channels open
the membrane of a muscle fiber depolarizes
a neuron releases acetylcholine (Ach)
voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels open
calcium binds to troponin
tropomyosin unblocks the myosin binding sites on actin
myosin attatches to (and slides past) actin
excitatory vs inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
EPSPs
depolarize the membrane
Na+ and Ca2+ channels
increase the likelihood of a postsynaptic action potential occurring
IPSPs
hyperpolarize the membrane
K+ and Cl- ion channels
decrease the likihood of a postsynaptic action potential occuring
C. Tetani
The neurotoxin is internalized and transported retroaxonally to the spinal cord
Toxin blockade of neurotransmitter release from spinal inhibitory interneurons.
Tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) binds to the presynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction.
spastic paralysis induced (motor neurons are CONTINUOUSLY firing with no inhibitory signal to stop them)
Anatomy
structural classification of neurons
unipolar
have one extension of cell body. commonly found in the dorsal root ganglia of spinal cord
bipolar
have two extensions of cell body. found in special sensory organs, like the retina of the eye
multipolar
have multiple extensions from the cell body; most abundant