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ISSUES (ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS (SIEBER & STANLEY concerns:
1)…
ISSUES
ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS
- impact research may have on the rights of people
Socially sensitive research
- eg, research investigating genetic basis of criminality= consequences for those part of social groups pps represent
- studies looking at taboo subjects eg race
however, psychologists should not shy away from them, Aronson 1999= social responsibility
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GENDER BIAS
- Alpha bias- exaggerate difference between men and women, reinforcing gender stereotypes, often devalues women (eg Bowlby's monotropic theory, strange situation)
- Beta bias- minimises or ignores the differences between men and women, women's lives may be ignored. eg when females are not used as part of the sample but findings are generalised to them (Asch)
- Essentialism - idea that differences are inevitable and fixed in nature
- Andocentrism- when male behaviours form the basis of our understanding of behaviour, when behaviour differs it is seen as abnormal, eg stay at home dads
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CULTURAL BIAS
act of interpreting all human behaviour based on one particular culture, assuming all humans behave in the same way
- Ethnocentrism- seeing the world from one's own cultural perspective(normal) different = inferior.
Etic approach- behaviour is looked at from the outside but used to explain behaviour eg american students, applying to different culture
: Asch Western cultures
: Ainsworth American attachment= misinterpretation of child-rearing practices which deviated from American norm
- Cultural relativism - behaviour can only be understood if the cultural context is taken into account. If research is conducted in one culture, may not be appropriate to generalise
- Emic approach - within certain cultures and identifies behaviours that are specific to that culture eg studying American students and only applying to American students
:smiley:
- Scarr 1988, studies of underrepresented groups may promote greater understanding. Benefited society - research into unreliability of eyewitness testimony has reduced risk of miscarriages of justice
- Sieber & Stanley- questions influence ways findings are represented (open mind= avoid misrepresenting minority groups) - Kitzinger and Coyle 1955
:unamused:
- socially sensitive research may be used for social control, 1920/30s, US states enacted legislation that led to the compulsory sterilisation of many citizens= feeble minded
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:unamused:
- gender biased research may create misleading assumptions about female behaviour and validate discriminatory practices, eg denying women in work place (PMS)
- promotes sexism in research
- essentialist perspective, - Walkerdine 1990= double standard
:smiley:
- understanding of gender bias= reflexivity, embrace bias- Dambrin and Lambert 2008
- Worell and Remer 1992 suggest criteria to avoid gender bias
:smiley:
- the imposed etic shows the culturally specific nature of psychology, should not assume that all psychology is culturally relative and there is no such thing as universal human behaviour - Ekman 1989 basic facial expressions = same all over the world (recognition of cultural relativism)
- cross cultural research challenges Western assumptions = conclusions psychologists draw are likely to have high validity if they recognise the role of culture in bringing them about
:unamused:
- issue between the distinction between individualism and collectivism, this no longer applies as social attitudes/views/communication/travel has changed
- cross cultural research is prone to demand characteristics, in cultures without historical experience of research, local populations may be affected by demand, unfamiliarity threatens validity
- interpretation of variables, emotions are different in an indigenous population compared to West (invasion of personal space = normal in China, not in West) thus reducing validity