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Chapters 8-9 (Metabolism and energy (Metabolism- collection of chemical…
Chapters 8-9
Metabolism and energy
Metabolism- collection of chemical reactions that occur in an organism. Enzymes catalyze reactions in intersecting metabolic pathways, which may be catabolic (breaking down molecules, releasing energy), or anabolic (building molecules, consuming energy)
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Kenetic enrgy- associated with motion and includes thermal energy associated with random of atoms or molecules
potential energy is related to the location or structure of matter and includes chemical energy possessed by a molecule due to its structure
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The first law of thermodynamics- conservation of energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.
The second law of thermodynamics states that spontaneous processes, those requiring no outside input of energy, increase entropy (molecular disorder) of the universe.
Redox reactions
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fermentation- a process that results in the partial degradation of glucose without the use of oxygen.
Glycolysis- occurs in the cystol, begins the down gradation process by breaking down glucose into 2 molecules of a compound called pyruvate
Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration. many carbohydrates can enter glycolysis, most often after conversion of glucose. Amino acids of proteins must be deaminated before being oxidized. The fatty acids of fats undergo beta oxidation to two carbon fragments and then enter the krebs cycle as acetly CoA.
Cellular respiration
Glycolysis- a series of reactions that breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules, which may go on to enter the citric acid cycle, and nets 2 atp and 2 nadh per glucose molecule. Inputs: Glucose turns into 2 pyruvate 2 atp and 2 NADH
Krebs cycle- funtions as a metabolic furnace that further oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate. pyruvate is broken down into three co2 molecules, included in the molecule of co2 released during the conversion of pyruvate to acetly CoA.
Electron transport chain- collection of molecules embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells. Electrons move from a less electronegative electron carrier to a more electronegative electron carrier down the chain, releasing free energy.
Aerobic respiration- oxygen is used as a reactant: in anaerobic respiration, other substances are used as reactants in a similar process that harvest chemical energy without oxygen.
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