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A 12 year old patient came in with a bone fracture in his right upper limb…

- - - - complete
        
        bone broken through
        
        comminuted
        
        oblique
      - incomplete
        
        hasn't broken through
        
        tranverse
        
        stress
        
        greenstick
    - - open
        
        breaks skin
      - closed
        
        remains within the skin
    - - displaced
        
        bones ends are out of normal alignment
        
        displaced shoulder
      - non-displaced
        
        bone ends are still in normal alignement
  - - - with how severely broken his bones are he will need surgery
        
        the surgeon will combine the open fracture with the part that's still in place
        
        by using screws and/or plates
        
        to hold it in place while it heals
        
        and will need to wear a cast to keep his arm in place
        
        given his age
        
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        bone will heal in these steps
        
        hematoma forms
        
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      - bone graft will be offered for the bone fragments
- - - - diaphysis
        
        the shaft of the bone
        
        contains compact bone
        
        then a thin layer of spongy bone
        
        which covers the central medullary cavity
        
        medullary cavity in turn contains the yellow marrow
      - epiphysis
        
        the bone ends
        
        exterior
        
        a shell of compound bone
        
        covered by hyaline cartilage for joint cushioning
        
        interior
        
        has spongy bone
        
        epiphyseal line
        
        the area where the epiphysis and diaphysis meet
        
        it's the lasting thing that used to be the epiphyseal plate
        
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      - membranes
        
        periosteum
        
        double-layered membrane
        
        covers the exterior of the bone except for the ends
        
        the outer layer
        
        irregular dense CT
        
        inner layer
        
        is osteogenic
        
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        whats connected to it
        
        has nerve fibers and blood vessels embedded
        
        blood vessel
        
        connected to diaphysis
        
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        perforating fibers
        
        helps the periosteum to underlying bone
        
        by having collagen fibers be extended into the matrix of the bone
        
        serves as an anchor point
        
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        endostenum
        
        lines the medullary cavity
        
        and trabecular of the spongy bone
      - hematopoietic tissue
        
        also known as red bone marrow
        
        found in medullary cavity of diaphysis and spongy bone
        
        as we age
        
        the more red bone marrow turns into yellow marrow
        
        remaining red marrow can only be found in trabeculae of spongy bones
    - - organic
        
        includes osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone lining cells, osteoclasts and osteoid
        
        osteoid
        
        organic part of the matrix
        
        composes 1/3 of the matrix
        
        contributes to bone structure and flexibility
        
        tensile strength, allowing it to resist stretching and twisting
      - inorganic
        
        are calcium phosphates that are present in crystals in and around collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix
        
        makes the bone hard
        
        making unsusceptible to breaking under compression
  - - - process of bone tissue formation
        
        two types of ossification
        
        endochondral
        
        a bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage
        
        the steps of long bone formation
        
        bone collar forms around the shaft of the hyaline cartilage
        
        cartilage calcifies in the center of the shaft and develops cavities
        
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        intramembranous
        
        bone develops from fibrous membrane
        
        steps
        
        begins in the fibrous tissue membrane
        
        as the meschenshymal cells cluster and differentiate into osteoblasts
        
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  - - - to get the osteoclasts and osteoblasts to work together
        
        those two perform different roles
        
        such as bone reabsorption and bone deposition
        
        bone reabsorption
        
        uses osteoclasts
        
        moves alone the bone surface
        
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        dies once job is complete
        
        bone deposition
        
        uses osteoblasts
        
        which deposits new bone matrix
  - - - needs epiphyseal cartilage present
        
        which are below the resting zone
        
        and forms tall columns
        
        in these zones
        
        proliferation
        
        pushes the epiphysis away
        
        the very top part
        
        hyper-trophic
        
        contains older chondrocytes which lacunae erode and enlarge
        
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        calcifi-cation
        
        surrounding calcium matrix calcifies
        
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        ossification
        
        spongy bone takes it place
    - - occurs as the bone is growth in length
        
        osteoblasts secrete matrix on the external surface
        
        while osteoclasts breaks down the endostrenum
- - - - or consuming foods that contain enough calcium
    - - takes it from bone
        
        weakens the bone