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Metabolism, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation ((Introduction to…

- - - - Role
        
        Facilitate reactions
        
        Regulate metabolism
      - Mechanism
        
        Lower activation energy
        
        Substrate
        
        Change substrate shape
        
        Change substrate position
        
        Action in enzyme substrate complex
        
        Definition: Reactant an enzyme acts on
      - Influencers
        
        Temperature
        
        Substrate concentration: Higer the concetration of substrate, more activity
        
        pH
        
        Enzymes optimal in certain range
        
        Regulation
        
        Cofactors: Aid the activity of the enzyme
        
        Inhibitors
        
        Competitive: block substrate from entering active site
        
        Noncompetitive: Alter enzyme itself
    - - Equation: ∆G = ∆H - T∆S
      - Application
        
        Spontaneous/Exergonic
        
        Can occur naturally under proper conditions
        
        Non-spontaneous/Endergonic
        
        Cannot occur naturally, without outside input
        
        Driven by
        
        Energy coupling: The use of exergonic processes to drive an endergonic one
        
        ATP involvement
      - Definition: portion of a system's energy that can perform work
      - Equation components
        
        ∆H: Enthalpy
        
        T: Temperature
        
        ∆G: Gibb's Free Energy
        
        ∆S: Entropy
    - - First Law
        
        Definition: Energy can be transformed, but not created or destroyed
        
        Example: Electrical energy from outlet to light in lamp
      - Second Law
        
        Definition: Every energy transformation increases the entropy of the universe
        
        Example: The gradual decay and decomposition of a rock overtime
    - - Catabolism
        
        Definition: Breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds
        
        Example: Cellular respiration
      - Anabolism
        
        Defintion: Build complicated molecules from simpler ones
        
        Example: Synthesis of proteins from amino acids
      - Energy
        
        Potential
        
        Definition: Energy of a non-moving object, not kinetic
        
        Example: Potential energy avaliable for release in a chemical reaction
        
        Kinetic
        
        Definition: Energy associated with the relative motion of objects
        
        Example: Thermal energy, random movement of molecules
    - - Definition: Measure of molecular disorder
      - Application: Reactions tend to move things from order to disorder (Spontaneous reactions)
- - - - Transition Reaction
        
        Reactants: Pyruvate
        
        Location: Mitochondrion
        
        Products: Acetyl CoA
      - Krebs Cycle
        
        Reactants: Acetyl CoA
        
        Location: Mitochondrion
        
        Products: 2CO2, 2 ATP. 6 NADH, 2 FADH
      - Glycolysis
        
        Reactants: Glucose
        
        Products: 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP
        
        Location: Cytoplasm
      - Electron Transport chain
        
        Reactants: NADH, FADH
        
        Location: Mitochondrion
        
        Products: 26 or 28 ATP
    - - Types
        
        Alcohol
        
        Reactants: Glucose
        
        Products: 2 Ethanol, 2 CO2. 2 ATP
        
        Lactic Acid
        
        Reactants: Glucose
        
        Products: 2 Lactate, 2 ATP
      - Organisms
        
        Alcohol
        
        Yeast
        
        Many bacteria
        
        Lactic Acid
        
        Muscle Cells
        
        Fungi/Bacteria involved in dairy
    - - Obligate anaerobes
        
        Oxygen is toxic
      - Facultative anaerobes
        
        Oxygen is not toxic, use when avaliable