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Respiration (Compartments of thorax (Pleural cavity (Right, Left,…

- - - - Above heart
    - - Anterior
        
        heart, manubrium
      - Middle
        
        heart itself
      - Posterior
        
        big vessels, aorta, trachea, bronchi splitting
- - - - Lighten bone
      - Produce mucus
      - Contributes to resonance
      - Warm, humidify air
  - - - Primary bronchi supply each lung
      - Secondary bronchi supply each lobe
      - Tertiary bronchi supply each bronchopulmonary segment
      - Repeated branchings called branchioles to form a bronchial tree
    - - Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
      - Single cell layer, nuclei at diff levels, X all reach lumen
      - Goblet cells produce mucus
      - Warms air (highly vascular)
      - Cilia moves mucus towards pharynx
        
        beating it across
    - - Covered in elastic connective tissue
      - Respiratory bronchioles: simple squamous epithelium, alveolar ducts open into alveolar sacs w indv alveoli
- - - - Normal quiet inspiration: diaphragm contracts
      - Thoracic cavity increases, lungs expand
      - Ribs lifted by external intercostals
      - Alveolar pressure decreases. Elastic recoil, surface tension in alveoli pulls inwards
      - Normal quiet expiration, diaphragm relaxes
      - Alveolar pressure increases
      - Cycle repeats
    - - Forced inspiration: Accessory muscles assist external intercostal muscles to elevate ribs, enlarge thorax , sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor contract
      - Forced expiraton internal intercostal muscles, traversus thoracis depress ribs
      - Thoracic cavity increases, lungs expand
      - Alveolar pressure decreases
      - Alveolar pressure increases
      - Cycle repeats
      - Abdominal muscles (external, internal obliques, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis) compress abdominal contents, reduce vol thoracic cavity
    - - Diaphragmatic contraction expands thoracic cavity
      - Innervation: phrenic nerve
      - Exhalation is passive. Diaphragm relaxes
    - - External intercostal muscles contract, elevate ribs, enlarge thoracic cavity
      - Innervation: intercostal nerve
      - Exhalation is passive. Muscles relax