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Muscular System - Sarah Heard (Body movement (Circumdcution (proximal end…
Muscular System - Sarah Heard
Body movement
Circumdcution
proximal end of a limb is stationary and the distal end moves in circle
opposition
movement of thumb to tips of other fingers
Dorsiflexion
Lifting the superior surface of foot towards shin
Adduction
movement of limb towards midline
Abduction
movement of limb away from midline
Rotation
movement of bone around a longitudinal axis
Extension
move that increase angle of joint
Flexion
movement the decreases angle of joint
Enversion
turns some of foot laterally
Plantar flexion
pointing toe
Inversion
turn sole of foot medically
Supination
forearm rotates laterally so forearm faces anteriorly
Pronation
forearm rotates medially so palm faces posterially
Muscle Contraction
Ach diffuses scrips synaptic cleft, and binds with receptors on moto end plates of the muscle cell
this causes receptors to change shape, and opens Nat channels in sacrolemma
nerve impulse reaches synaptic end bulbs and causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with neurolemma and releases Ach
electrical current is generated and is carried along sacrolemma cause action potential (muscle contraction)
Sliding Filament Theory
Myosin attaches to actin, forming actin/myosin cross bridges
Myosin head moves toward M line of sarcomere, pulling actin filaments past myosin
Ca++ binds to actin myofilament, exposing the myosin binding site
This action is repeated many times powered by ATP
1.Nerve impulse or action potential travels down sacrolemma and into T- tubule, causing sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca++ into sarcoplasm
2 lines get closer together as actin and myosin filaments slide past each other, and sarcomeres shorten (H zone disappears), shortening the entire myofibril
muscles in the arm
Bicep Branchii
flexes and supinate forearm
Deltoid
Prime mover of arm abduction when all of fiber contract simultaneously
Flexor Digitorium superficali
flexes hand and middle phalanges of second to fifth finger
Extensor digitorium
prime mover of finger extension
Tricep branchii
powerful forearm extensor
Flexor carpi radialis
extends hand and abducts hand
flexor carpi ulnaris
powerful flexor and adductor of hand
extensor carpi radialis
extends hand and abducts hand
muscles of head
frontalis
raised eyebrows
Zygomaticus
raises conor of mouth
orbicularis oculi
blinks and closes eyes
buccinator
compressed cheek as in worsting and sucking
platysma
pulls conor of the mouth interior
temporalis
closes jaw
orbicularis oris
closes and protects eyes
massetter
closes jaw
sternocleidomastoid
flexes neck
Muscles of thigh and leg
Soleus
plantar flexes foot
gastrocnemius
plantar flexes foot
hamstring
flexion of the knee; extension of the hip
Sartorius
hip: flex, laterally rotate thigh
knee: flex leg, medially rotates the leg
gluteus maximus
major extensor of thigh; laterally rotates and abducts thigh
iliopsoas
flexing of the thigh and forward footing of the pelvis
adductor muscles
adduction of thigh at the hip joint; flexion and medial rotation of the femur
tibialis anterior
prime mover of dorsiflexion; inverse foot
extensor digitorum longus
prime mover of the extensor; dorsiflexes foot
quadricep group
extensor of knew joint; flexor of the hip
muscles of trunk
trapezius
stabilizes, debates, retracts, and rotates scapula
rectus abdominis
flex and rotates lumbar region vertebral column; stabilizing pelvis during walking
pectoralis major
adducts and medially rotates arm; can help in climbing throwing, pushing, and forced inspiration
latissimus dorsi
prime mover of arm extension; powerful are adductor; medially rotates arm
external obliques
flex vertebral column and compress abdominal wall; fringe rotation and lateral flexion
erector spinae
extend the back laterally flex the back and maintain correct posture and curvature of the spinal column
Types of muscle tissue
Skeletal
attached by tendons to bones
cells are long cylindrical, parallel, and multinucleates
Voluntary
Cardiac
cells are long, cylindrical, branched
has straition
Involuntary
forms heart wall
Smooth
found mainly in hallow walls of organs
has no striation
Involuntary
spindle- shapes cells with single central nucleus