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Patient having face & arm muscle spasms due to infection of…

- - - - tetanospasmin enters bloodstream, interfering with signals (Acetylcholine) traveling from brain to nerves in spinal cord & finally into muscles, causing spasms & stiffness
- - - - No summation
        
        slowly firing presynaptic neuron causes EPSP's that are far apart in time
      - Spatial summation
        
        when more than one presynaptic neuron fires at same time, EPSP's generated at different locations
      - temporal summation
        
        rapidly firing presynaptic neuron causes EPSP's that are close in time
- - - - changes that hyperpolarize membrane
        
        have inhibitory neurotransmitters open channels that hyperpolarize membrane
    - - changes that depolarize membrane
        
        have excitatory neurotransmitters that depolarize the membrane
- - - - voltage gated sodium channels then start depolarizing membrane of muscle cell called sarcolemma
        
        action potential is a change in the charge, moving membrane potential across muscle cell
        
        t-tubules help move membrane potential across all muscle cell
        
        once sarcolemma is depolarized, sarcoplasmic reticulum then releases calcium
- - - - may also affect vocal chords, causing them to spasm
    - - result in severe, uncontrollable muscle spasms, such as the jaw locking (disease sometimes called locked-jaw)
        
        if its very severe, muscles used to breath spasm, constricting the ability to breath
    - - cause opisthonus (arching of the back) which causes bones & joints to break
    - - neurons ability to send messages to stop muscle contraction is impaired, causing uncontrollable muscle spasms/contractions
- - - - it then binds to nerve terminals & inhibits release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (glycine & gamma-aminobutyric acid)
        
        b/c nerve has no inhibitory signals, chemical signal to motor nerve of the muscle intensifies, causing muscle to tighten up
  - - - dirty needles may carry toxin of clostridium tetanis