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12 year old bone w/ bone fracture injury (classifications of bone…
12 year old bone w/ bone fracture injury
direct event
fell &landed on right arm
causes break in bone
indirect event
boy is lactose intolerant
lack of vitamin c&d
causes bone to be weaker
anatomy of long bone: cell-organ level
cell
osteocyte
maintain mineral concentration of matrix
osteoblasts
bone formation
osteogenic cell
develop into osteoblasts
osteclast
bone resorption
tissue
compact
dense &strong
found under periosteum &diaphyses
provides support & protection
structural unit: osteon
spongy(cancellous)
contains osteocytes
red bone marrow
protected by trabeculae
hematopoieses occur
organ level
diaphysis
tubular shaft runs proximal & distal
medullary cavity
yellow marrow (fat)
walls composed of compact bone
epiphysis
wider section filled w/ spongy bone
epiphsyeal plate(growth plate)
layer of hyaline cartilage in growing bone
epiphyseal line forms when bone stops growing
medullary cavity
endosteum
membrous lining
bone growth
repair
remodeling occur
periosteum
fibrous membrane
blood vessels
nerves
lymphatic vessels
covered w/ articular cartilage
thin layer of cartilage
reduces friction
acts as shock absorber
3 processes of bone
formation
intramembranous ossification
1) mesenchymal cells group into clusters which ossification form
2) secreted osteoid traps osteoblasts, becomes osteocytes
3)trabecular matrix &periosteum form
4) compact bone develops to trabecular bone
crowded blood vessels turn to red marrow
begins in utero to adolescence
endochondral ossification
1)mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes
2)cartilage model bony skeleton
perichondrium form
3) capillaries penetrate cartilage
perichondrium turns to periosteum
periosteal collar develops
4)cartilage &chondorcytes continue to grow at end of bone
5)secondary ossification center develop
cartilage remains at epiphyseal plate
at joint surface as articular cartilage
growth
growth hormone
anterior pituitary gland
sex hormones from ovaries &testes
growth in length
composed of four zones
reserve
matrix production
proliferative
mitosis
hypertrophic
chondrocytes form mature cartilage
classified matrix
cell death
growth in diameter
appositional growth
modeling process
erosion of old bone in medullary cavity (osteoclasts)
deposition of new bone beneath periosteum (osteoblast)
remodeling
consists of 3 consecutive phases
resorption
osteoclasts digest old bone
reversal
mononuclear cells appear on bone surfaces
formation
osteoblasts lay new bone til resorbed bone is completely replaces
help repair microdamages
maintaining plasma calcium homeostasis
4 bone healing stages
1) hematoma formation
2) bone generation
3)bony callous foramtion
4) bone remodeling
raw materials for growth &repair
exercise
eat a diet rich in fruits &vegetables
receive vitamin d
calcium from plants & fortified products
important factors of treating injuries to boy
due to age, his bones still growing
bones aren't as strong as they need to be since hes only 12
location of break
right humerus & olecranon
boy is lactose intolerant
can take vitamin c supplements
needs to go outside more and eat more healthy food
fracture
compound (open)
part of bone appears to be "protruding" from skin
communited
fragments of bone appear in wound
epiphyseal plate
location
between epiphysis &metaphysis
role
area of growing tissue in children & adolescents
determines future length & shape of mature bone
classifications of bone fractures
transverse
straight across long axis of bone
oblique
an angle not in 90 degrees
spiral
bone segments pulled apart of a twisting motion
comminuted
several breaks result many small pieces between two large segments
impacted
one fragment driven into other, result of compression
greenstick
partial fracture only one side of bone is broken
open( compound)
one end broken bone tears through skin
carries high risk of infection due to exposure
closed (simple)
fracture which skin remains intact