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A 12 year-old boy is suffering from a broken elbow, a protruding bone from…

- - - - Organic components
        
        Cells
        
        Osteoprogenitor cells
        
        Osteoblasts
        
        Osteoclasts
        
        Osteocytes
        
        Bone lining cells
        
        Osteoids
        
        organic part of matrix
        
        Collagen
        
        Tensile strength
        
        Flexibility
        
        Resist stretch & twisting
        
        Allow bone to resist tension (stretch).
      - Inorganic components
        
        Allow bone to resists compression.
        
        Hydroxyapatite
        
        Mineral salts
        
        Calcium phosphates
    - - Endochondral ossification steps:
        
        1) Bone collar form around diaphysis
        
        9 weeks old
        
        2) Cartilage calcifies in center of diaphysis
        
        Develop cavities
        
        3) Periosteal bud forms
        
        internal cavities form
        
        Spongy bone forms
        
        3 months old
        
        4) Diaphysis elongate
        
        Medullary cavity forms
        
        Secondary ossification
        
        In epiphyses
        
        5) Epiphyses ossify
        
        Hyaline cartilage in epiphyseal plate
        
        Articular cartilage
        
        Child to adolescence
      - Intramembranous ossification steps:
        
        1) Mesenchyme cells cluster
        
        Form ossification center
        
        In fibrous connective tissue
        
        2) Osteoblasts secrete osteoid
        
        Osteoid calcifies
        
        Osteoblasts that are trapped in bone matrix
        
        become osteocytes
        
        3) Immature spongy bone form
        
        Mesenchyme condense to form periosteum
        
        Blood vessels
        
        4) Compact bone replace immature spongy bone
        
        Red marrow develop
    - - 1) Hematoma forms
        
        Hemorrhaged blood clot forms at site of fracture
        
        Swelling
        
        Inflammation
        
        Pain
      - 2) Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
        
        Fibroblasts
        
        Produce collagen fibers
        
        break & connect broken bone ends
        
        Chondroblasts
        
        Secrete cartilaginous matrix
        
        Calcifies
      - 3) Bony callus forms
        
        Osteoblasts form spongy bone
        
        Trabeculae span width of callus
        
        Fibrocartilaginous callus replaced
      - 4) Bone remodeling
        
        Excess material on diaphysis is removed
        
        Bony region responded to the same mechanical stressors
    - - Longitudinal bone growth
        
        1) Proliferation zone
        
        Cartilage cells undergo mitosis
        
        2) Hypertrophic zone
        
        Older cartilage cells enlarge
        
        3) Calcification zone
        
        Matrix becomes calcified
        
        Cells die
        
        Matrix begins deteriorating
        
        4) Ossification zone
        
        New bone is forming
        
        Interstitial growth
        
        Epiphyseal plate
      - Width (thickness) growth
        
        Appositional growth
        
        Osteoblasts in periosteum secrete
        
        Bone matrix on external bone
        
        Osteoclasts remove bone
        
        Bone resorption
        
        Secrete acid
        
        Dissolve minerals
        
        Lysosomal enzymes
        
        Digest organic matrix
    - - Bone resorption
        
        Osteoclasts move to bone surface
        
        break down matrix
        
        Via lysosomal enzymes
        
        Digest matrix
        
        Via secretion of acid
        
        Dissolve bone minerals
        
        Undergo apoptosis when bone resorption is complete
      - Bone deposition
        
        Proteins bind Ca+2 ions
        
        Trigger osteoblasts
        
        Secrete matrix vesicles
        
        Contains alkaline phosphatase
        
        Cleaves Phosphate ions off osteoid
        
        3 more items...
    - - Completeness of break
        
        Complete fracture
        
        Incomplete fracture
      - Whether bone ends penetrate skin
        
        Open (compound) fracture
        
        Closed (simple) fracture
      - Position of bone ends after fracture
        
        Non-displaced
        
        Displaced
  - - - Comminuted
        
        Bone fragments
        
        Common in aged
        
        Brittle bones
      - Compression
        
        Bone is crushed
        
        Common in porous bones
      - Spiral
        
        Excessive twisting forces
        
        Common sport fractures
      - Depressed
        
        Inward pressed bone
        
        Skull fracture
      - Greenstick
        
        Incomplete bone break
        
        Common in children
        
        More organic matrix
        
        More flexible than adults
      - Epiphyseal
        
        Epiphysis separate from diaphysis
        
        Occur where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of matrix is occurring
    - - Cells of bone tissue
        
        Osteoprogenitor cells
        
        found in
        
        Periosteum
        
        Endosteum
        
        Osteoblasts
        
        secrete bone matrix
        
        Collagen
        
        calcium-binding proteins
        
        Matrix calcification
        
        Osteocytes
        
        Mature bone cells
        
        In lacunae
        
        Function
        
        Monitor & maintain bone matrix
        
        Respond to chemical stimuli
        
        Bone deformation
        
        Bone loading
        
        Communicate with osteoblasts & osteoclast
        
        Bone remodeling
        
        Maintain calcium homeostasis
        
        Bone lining cells
        
        Found in
        
        Bone surfaces
        
        Function
        
        Maintain matrix
        
        Osteoclasts
        
        Function
        
        resorb bone (breakdown)
        
        In shallow depressions
      - Shaft
        
        Diaphysis
        
        long axis of bone
        
        compact bone
        
        surrounds medullary cavity
        
        Marrow cavity
        
        No bone tissue
        
        Yellow marrow (fat)
        
        Red marrow
        
        Function
        
        1 more item...
        
        Nutrient foramen
        
        Nutrient artery
        
        Nutrient vein
      - Bone ends
        
        Epiphysis
        
        Thin layer of articular hyaline cartilage
        
        Epiphyseal plate forms
        
        Epiphyseal line
      - Membranes
        
        Periosteum
        
        Outer layer
        
        Dense irregular connective tissue
        
        Inner layer
        
        Osteogenic layer
        
        Primitive stem cells
        
        Osteoclasts & osteoblasts
        
        Supplied with
        
        Nerve fibers
        
        Blood vessels
        
        Endosteum
        
        Cover internal bone surfaces
    - - Between
        
        Diaphysis
        
        Epiphysis
        
        Metaphysis
      - Growth plate
      - Hyaline cartilage growth
        
        In children
        
        Function
        
        Lengthen bone
- - - - Lactose intolerant
      - Mutation in (LCD) gene
        
        interfere with the function of lactase
        
        Inability to digest lactose
- - - - Proximal radioulnar joint
        
        More flexible
        
        Breaks easily
        
        Closed (simple) fracture
        
        Complete fracture
    - - Compound (open) fracture
      - Humerus
      - Displaced fracture
      - Incomplete fracture
  - - - Young children
        
        Abundant amount of osteoid
        
        Resist tension
        
        Tensile strength
        
        Bone do not break easily
        
        More flexible
        
        The epiphyseal plate have not formed epiphyseal line
        
        Boys
        
        Plate closure at 21 years of age
        
        Girls
        
        Plate closure at 18 years of age
      - Adults
        
        Abundant amount of hydroxyapatite
        
        Bones break easily
        
        Low amount of organic matrix
    - - Reduced intake of calcium
        
        Loss of bone mass
        
        Thin & weak bones
        
        Limited bone growth & remodeling
      - Calcium intake important for
        
        Bone growth & remodeling
        
        Bone healing
        
        Muscle contraction
        
        Nervous system
        
        Ossification & osteogensis
        
        Osteoblast & osteoclast activity
        
        Require Ca2+
        
        Obtained from drinking milk
      - Controls hormone release
        
        Growth hormones
        
        Released by parathyroid gland
        
        Stimulate epiphyseal plate activity
        
        Calcitonin
        
        Released by thyroid gland
        
        Regulate Ca2+ levels
    - - Simple, closed, and complete fracture of right elbow
        
        Proximal Radioulnar joint
      - Incomplete, displaced, and compound fracture of humerus