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chapter 11 energy metabolism: respiration (respiration (aerobic…

- - - - under certain conditions, oxygen is not available, and an alternative electron acceptor must be used
      - fermentation
        
        respiration without oxygen
        
        obligate/strict aerobes
        
        because animals and plants must have oxygen for their respiration
        
        obligate anaerobes
        
        carry out anaerobic respiration exclusively; such bacteria are actually killed by oxygen
        
        facultatively aerobic ( facultatively anaerobic)
        
        if oxygen is present, they carry out aerobic respiration, but when oxygen is absent or insufficient, they switch to anaerobic respiration
        
        glycolysis/Embden-Meyerhoff pathway
        
        glucose is broken down during anaerobic respiration by a metabolic pathway
        
        substrate-level phosphorylation
        
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- - - - they absorb and use organic carbon for construction and use photosynthesis almost exclusively to generate ATP.
      - lithotrophic autotrophs
        
        examples are the colorless (nonphotosynthetic) sulfur bacteria. hydrogen bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, and iron bacteria. as they oxidize hydrogen, sulfur, iron and so forth, the energy goes to make ATP, part of which is used for regular metabolism and part to pump protons, creating a pH gradient that can be used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH.
        
        lithotrophic heterotrophs
        
        they get their energy by oxidizing sulfur compounds and they take in organic compounds for structural uses. they do not use carbon dioxide, and apparently they lack the Calvin cycle
        
        citric acid cycle, Krebs cycle, or the tricarboxylic acid cycle
        
        names reflect different facts about the cycle. one of the intermediates is citrate, the anion of critic acid.
        
        acetyl
        
        carbon dioxide and NADH are produced along with a two-carbon fragment
        
        coenzyme A
        
        the carbon dioxide and NADH remain free in the matrix solution, but the acetyl becomes attached to a carrier molecule.
        
        acetyl COA
        
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