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Ch. 6 & 7: Cell Overview and Membrane Structures (Overview of cell…
Ch. 6 & 7: Cell Overview
and Membrane Structures
Microscopy
light microscope
brightfield - light passes through stain or unstained specimen
phase-contrast - variations in density seen; useful for examining living unpigmented cells
fluorescence - locations of specific molecules are revealed with dyes
confocal - sharp images are captured at different planes, eliminating out of focus light
electron microscope
scanning electron microscope - shows 3D image
transmission electron microscope - profiles thin section of specimen (2D)
Overview of cell structures (all cells have)
cytosol - jellylike, semifluid where sub cellular components are suspended
chromosomes - genetic material in the form of DNA
plasma/cell membrane - selective barrier
ribosomes - tiny complexes responsible for protein synthesis according to instructions from genes
cytoplasm - region between nucleus and plasma membrane (where organelles of eukaryotic cells are found)
Animal cells
nucleus
nuclear envelope - double membrane enclosing nucleus; has pores and continuous with ER; separated from cytoplasm
nucleolus - non-membranous structure involved in production of ribosomes
chromatin - material consisting of DNA and proteins
endomembrane system
system of organelles that regulate protein traffic and performs metabolic functions:
ER - membranous network continuous w/ outer nuclear membrane (smooth and rough ER)
nuclear envelope - encloses nucleus, regulates traffic with cytoplasm
Golgi apparatus - shipping and receiving center that modifies, stores, and routes products; cis to trans pathway (receive and ship respectively)
lysosomes - sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in cytoplasm; involved in waste removal and digestion
vesicles - transports substances within cell and phagocytizing harmful materials
vacuoles - holds various solutions or materials in the cell
Plant Cell