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populations and ecosystems (plants in relationship to their habitats…
populations and ecosystems
plants in relationship to their habitats
abiotic components of the habitat
climate- temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind
tolerance range - between low and high extremes
soil factors
pioneers- first plant to invade soil
pioneers change the soil
formed from the breakdown of rocks
has 3 layers of horizons
horizon- uppermost and is called zone of leaching
B horizon- zone of deposition- area where materials of A horizon accumulate
C horizon- composed of parent rock and rock fragments
latitude and altitude
biotic components of the habitat
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the plant itself
other plant species
mutualism- interaction between 2 organisms is beneficial for both
competition- disadvantageous to one but beneficial to the other
competitive exclusion- whichever species is less adapted is excluded from the ecosystem by superior competitors
niche- conditions in which a species is adapted to
organisms and other plants
commensal relationships- one species benefits and the other is unaffected
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example- birds building nests in trees- the bird benefits where the tree is unaffected
predation- relationship where one species benefits and the other is harmed
herbivores- animals that eat plants
browsing- eating twigs and leaves, etc
grazing- eating herbs
interrelationships between plants and fungi or bacteria are harmful to the plant
bacteria and fungi, etc are pathogenic
habitats- set of conditions in which an organism completes its life cycle
operational habitat- where all components whether with known effect or not are its habitat
the structure of population
geographic distribution
limiting factor- one factor alone determines the health of the plant
examples of limiting factors- water, temperature, etc
local geographic distribution
random, clumped, or uniform
random distribution- no obvious, identifiable pattern to the position of individuals
clumped distribution- the spacing between plants is either small or large, but rarely average
uniform distributions- occur in orchards and tree plantations; all individuals are evenly spaced from their neighbors
allelochemics- chemicals given off by plants to establish new zones. inhibition is allelopathy
age distribution: demography
demography- the study of age distribution of the individuals of a population
2 factors that affect the rate of population growth: generation time and intrinsic rate of natural increase
generation time- length of time from the birth of one individual until the birth of its first offspring
intrinsic rate of natural increase aka biotic potential- number of offspring produced by an individual that actually live long enough to reproduce under ideal conditions
carrying capacity- number of individuals in each population that can live in a particular ecosystem
symbol= K
r + k- selection
r-selection
r-selected species are annuals, small shrubby perrenials
disturbances produces r conditions
few defenses against predators
early maturity
few mechanical and chemical defenses
k-selection
perennial
bristle cone pines
late maturity
fewer, large seeds
many defenses
the structure of ecosystems
physiognomic structure
size and shape of organisms and their distribution in relation to each other and to the physical environment- physiognomic structure
temporal structure
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changes that an ecosystem undergoes with time
species composition
refers to the number/ diversity of species that coexist in an ecosystem
trophic levels
refers to feeding levels
primary producers- autotrophs
primary consumers (secondary producers)- herbivores
secondary consumers- carnivores
decomposers- fungi, bacteria
energy flow + carbon flow- as plants are eaten their energy/compounds move to herbivore level -> carnivore level -> decomposers
this is an image of the trophic levels
this is an image showing the difference between biotic and abiotic factors
this image compares r and k-selected populations
ecosystems consist of biotic/abiotic things
changes in the ecosystem may affect these populations
ecosystems contains many different relationships between organisms
