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Populations and Ecosystems (Ecosystem Structure (trophic (feeding) levels,…
Populations and Ecosystems
Habitat Relationships
operational habitat
all components are habitat
abiotic (nonliving) components
climate
tolerance range
soil factors
pioneers
first to invade
B horizon
zone of deposition
A horizon
uppermost layer of soil
C horizon
parent rock/rock fragments
latitude/altitude
consider region effects
disturbance
fires
landslides
avalanches
floods
radical, rapid change
biotic
individual plant habitat modification
other plant species
mutualism
competition
#
competitive exclusion
niche adaptation
set of aspects of habitats that directly affect species
ecotypes
specialized to ecosystem factors
transplant experiments
common garden
test genetic divergence
organisms other than plants
frugivores
#
fruit eating animals disperse seeds
commensal relationships
one species benefits and the other isn't affected
bird nests
predation
one species benefits and the other is harmed
herbivory
browsing
grazing
pathogenic factors
fungi/bacteria cause disease
saprotrophs
live on dead plant matter
not all microbe-plant relationships are harmful
orchids need soil fungi
Population Stucture
geographic distribution
limiting factor
#
one factor determines health of plant
local distribution
random distribution
no identifiable pattern to position
clumped distribution
spacing is either small or large
uniform distribution
allelochemics
plant chemicals that inhibit other plants via allelopathy
age distribution: demography
two factors
generation time
length of time b/w birth of parent to birth of offspring
intrinsic rate of natural increase (biotic potential)
number of offspring produced by parent that live long enough to reproduce
measured via carrying capacity (K)
r- and K- selection
r- selection
species' own biotic potential
r- selected species
annuals/ small shrubby perennials
r conditions produced via disturbance
sometimes unpredictable
K- selection
#
k-selected species
Ecosystem Structure
physiognomic structure
physical size/shape and distribution in relation to others and the physical environment
life forms
defined by Raunkiaer, 1934
many life forms, few basic ecosystems
temporal structure
changes an ecosystem have with time
species composition
#
number and diversity of species that coexist
each species gets a portion of resource gradients
trophic (feeding) levels
primary producers
autotrophs
primary consumers
herbivores
omnivores
secondary consumers
carnivores
omnivores
decomposers
fungi/bacteria
energy & carbon flow
consider molecular level of production/consumption
don't forget minerals
