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The Cell (Membrane structure and Function (Passive Transport (Osmosis- the…

- - - - Organelles- the membrane enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells.
      - DNA is located in an organelle called the nucleus
      - Generally larger than prokaryotes.
      - Nuclear envelope- encloses the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm.
      - Nuclear lamina- a netlike array of protein filaments( in animal cells, called intermediate filaments) that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope.
      - Chromosomes- structures that carry the genetic information
      - Chromatin- complex of DNA and protein making up chromosomes
      - Nucleolus- a mass of densely stained granules and fibers adjoined part of the chromatin.
      - Ribosomes- are complexes made of ribosomal RNAs and proteins. cellular components that carry out protein synthesis
      - Endomembrane system-includes: nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vesicles and vacuoles, and the plasma membranes.
      - Vesicles- small membrane segments
      - Endoplasmic Reticulum- is a extensive network of membranes that accounts for more than half of total membrane
      - Smooth ER- lacks ribosomes and Rough ER- contains ribosomes.
      - Glycoproteins- proteins with carbohydrates covalently bonded to them.
      - Transport vesicles- vesicles in transit from one part of cell to the other.
      - Golgi apparatus- a warehouse for receiving, sorting, shipping and even some manufacturing. Products of er are brought here and are modified or stores then set elsewhere.
      - Lysosomes- janitors of the cell and recyclers of the cell. Also can cause the cell to destroy itself.
      - Vacuoles- are large vesicles that can transport solute.
      - In plants vacuoles can hold reserves of important components.
      - Mitochondria- sites of cellular respiration, uses oxygen to drive the generation of atp.
      - Chloroplasts- sites of photosynthesis
      - Endosymbiont theory- an early eukaryotic cell engulfed a photo synthetic prokaryotic cell.
      - Chloroplasts- contain interconnected sacs called thylakoids. Thylakoids are stacked like poker chips called a granum. The fluid in the thylakoid is the stroma.
      - Peroxisome- is a specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane.
      - Cytoskeleton- a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm.
      - Cell Junctions- Tight junctions is the plasma membrane or skin. Desmosomes- fasten cells together. Gap Junctions provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell
    - - DNA is concentrated in a region that is not membrane enclosed, called the nucleoid.