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12 Year Old Bone Injury (Classification of Bone Fractures (Compound…

- - - - right Olecranon break
      - will have the somewhat the same procedures as the humerus break
        
        Elbow is a joint of 3 bones
        
        Humerus, Ulna and Radius
    - - right Upper humerus bone break
        
        fragments of bone
        
        caused by weak and unsufficient bone
      - prone to infection to the bone and wound
      - Treatments
        
        surgery ASAP
        
        higher risk of infection
        
        may need bone graft if some bone is lost
        
        Open reduction and internal fixation
        
        along with the elbow break
        
        bone fragments are put together
        
        held in place with plate and screws
        
        physical therapy
  - - - but bc the patient is lactose and not consuming enough calcium can affect the growth
- - - - provide leverage and weight support
      - proximal to distal end to bone
      - contains spongy bone and compact bone
    - - Red Bone Marrow
        
        children
      - Yellow Bone Marrow
        
        adults
      - Diaphysis
        
        hollow, cylindrical space
    - - Knobby region at each ends of the bone
      - Composed of
        
        Compact bone: Outer thin layer
        
        Spongy Bone: Inner Region
      - Hyaline Cartilage
        
        thin layer
        
        reduces friction
        
        absorbs shock in movable joints
      - Articular Cartilage
        
        covers the joint surface
    - - between diaphysis and epiphyis
      - Contains Epiphyseal Plate/Disk
        
        Growth plate
        
        provides lengthwise bone growth
      - thin layer of hyaline cartilage
      - Epiphyseal Line
        
        only in adults
        
        remnant of the epiphyseal plate
  - - - Located
        
        Periosteum and Endosteum
        
        Marrow
      - Develop into osteoblast
      - Characteristics
        
        Highly Mitotic
        
        Only bone cell that divides
        
        flattened or squamous Cells
        
        also called Osteoprogenitor Cell
        
        derived from Mesenchyme
    - - Function
        
        Bone Builder
        
        responsible for bone growth
      - Develop into Osteocytes
      - Located
        
        Periosteum and Endosteum
      - secretes
        
        Osteoid
        
        collagen
        
        calcium-binding proteins
      - Characteristics
        
        ONE uncleus
        
        Mitotic
    - - Function
        
        Maintains (Concentration) Bone Matrix
        
        Detects mechanical stress in bone
      - Located
        
        Lacunae
      - Characteristics
        
        Mature Bone cells
        
        regulate bone health
        
        Spidery
    - - Bone polisher/resorption/destroying
        
        breaks down old or damaged bone
        
        releases Calcium into blood
      - Located
        
        Periosteum and Endosteum
      - Characteristics
        
        Large, Multinuclear, Phagocytic Cells
        
        Ruffled Border
  - - - covers the outer surface of the bone
        
        Tough membranous sheath
      - anchored by collagen fibers
    - - Contains Osteogenic Cells, Osteoblasts, and Osteoclast
      - Covers the medullary cavity
- - - - Swollen
      - Painful
      - Inflamed
  - - - Fibrocartilaginous Matrix between two broken ends
    - - stabilizes the fractures
    - - Fibroblasts
      - Chondroblast
  - - - outer surface of the bone
    - - with time it will be remodeled almost completely away
- - - - Runners
  - - - low vitamin D
      - calcium
  - - - break cause by excessive twisting forces
      - Children
        
        Case will be investigated (CPS)
        
        possible of child being abused
    - - incomplete break (Splintering)
      - common in children
        
        bone have more organic matrix
        
        &more flexible than those of adults
    - - bone fragments into 3 or more pieces
      - common in elders
        
        bones are more brittle
    - - bone is crushed
      - common in elder
        
        due to a fall
        
        Osteoporosis
  - - - bone is broken through
    - - bone is not broken all the way
- - - - pain
      - stiffness
- - - - disturb growth
- - - - 1.Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes
      - 2.A cartilage model of a skeleton & Perichondrium forms
      - 3.Capillaries penetrate cartilage
        
        Primary Ossification Develops
        
        Perichondrium transforms into periosteum
      - Cartilage and chondrocytes continue to grow at the ends of the bone
      - Secondary Ossification Centers Develop
        
        Cartilage remains at the ephiphyseal (growth) plate
        
        joint surfaces remain as articular cartilage
  - - - Flat bones of the skull are the last to stop growing
    - - Ossification Center forms: Mesenchymal cells group together into clusters and Osteoblast are in the center.
      - Osteoid Is secreted. Traps Osteoblasts which then become Osteocytes
      - Trabecular matrix and periosteum forms
      - Compact bone replaces immature spongy bone, just deep to the periosteum & RM develops