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Chapter 6-7 (The chloroplast functions and the importance of the…
Chapter 6-7
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The difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and are only unicellular while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and are mostly multicellular.
The principals of light microscope are that visible light is passed though the specimen and then through glass lenses. The lenses refract the light so that the image of the specimen is magnified as it is projected into the eye or into the camera.
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The principals of scanning and transmission electron microscope are that it focuses a beam of electron through the specimen or onto its surface.
The advantages are that there is a higher resolving power because electrons have shorter wavelengths than light.
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when a cell has lower size limits it can get too small to contain all the components necessary for life.
And a cell with bigger size limits the surface area to volume ratio becomes smaller, it takes too long for substances to diffuse into the cell at the membrane to get to all parts of the cell.
Different cell organelles have different functions and many require specialized components for specific targets.
The advantages of compartmentalized eukaryotic cells make appropriate micro-environments for these diverse processes, allows damage limitation, decreases non-specific interactions, and increased cellular efficiency.
The nucleus controls proteins synthesis in cytoplasm is by directing it toward the synthesizing messenger RNA provided by the DNA. Then mRNA is then transported to the cytoplasm toward the nuclear pores. And as the mRNA molecule reaches the cytoplasm, the ribosomes translate the mRNA's genetic message into the primary structure of a specific polypeptide.
The nucleolus contributes to protein synthesis by creating ribosome RNA which creates ribosomes and protein in the cell.
Free ribosomes are used within the cytosol while bound ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope that usually create proteins that are included within membranes, packaged into organelles, or exported from the cell.
The mitochondria has the ability to get cellular respiration that generates ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and fuels with the help of oxygen.
The chloroplast produces photosynthesis which converts solar energy to chemical energy and synthesizes new organic compounds: glucose, carbon dioxide, and water.
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Concentration gradient is along the region which the density of a chemical substance increases and decreases.
No work must be done to make this happen; diffusion is a spontaneous process needing no input of energy.
the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane is passive transport because the cell does not have to expend energy to make it happen.
The diffusion of solutes across a synthetic membrane , net diffusion of the dye molecules of that color.
(A) Diffusion of one solute - the membrane has pores large enough for molecules of dye to pass through. The random movement of dye molecules cause some to pass through pores then they side with more molecules.
The dye diffuses from where it is more concentrated to where it is less, leading to dynamic equilibrium.
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