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Fractured arm (types of fractures (simple (closed fracture), compound…

- - - - used for anchorage to muscles
        
        Mineral storage
        
        blood cell formation
        
        fat storage
        
        hormone production
        
        axial skeleton
        
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        appendicular skeleton
        
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        shape
        
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  - - - mitotically active set cells
      - squamous cells
      - when stimulated differentiate into osteoblasts
    - - bone forming cells
      - secrete bone matrix
        
        when completely surrounded they become osteocytes
      - actively mitotic
      - makes an osteoid
      - role in matrix calcification
      - shaped cubed when active
      - flat shape when inactive
        
        differentiate into bone lining
    - - mature bone cells
      - in lacunae that forms shape
      - monitor and maintain bone matrix
      - act as sensors, respond to mechanical stimuli
      - trigger bone remodeling
        
        mechanical stress
        
        maintain calcium homeostasis
    - - flat cells
      - found on bone surfaces where remodeling is not going on
      - help maintain the matrix
    - - giant multinucleate cells
      - located at sites of bone resorption
  - - - supports bone mineral
    - - in bone structure
      - strengthens bone
- - - - rate of growth controlled by hormones
        
        chondrocytes in epiphyseal plate cease
        
        bone replaces cartilage
        
        longitudinal growth stops
        
        epiphyseal line
  - - - osteoclasts resorb bone on the endoseum
        
        osteoblasts produce new bone tissue under
        
        bone growth in diameter
        
        increased diameter of the medullary cavity
  - - - increases lengths in long bone overtime
        
        increases bone density
        
        increases amino acid uptake
    - - recreated by thyroid gland
        
        promotes osteoblast activity
        
        synthesis of bone matrix
    - - estrogen
        
        testosterone
        
        secreted large amounts during puberty
        
        dramatic bone growth
        
        promotes epiphyseal plate to epiphyseal line
    - - release stimulated by low blood calcium
        
        stimulates osteoclast proliferation
        
        osteoclasts break down bone
        
        calcium released in blood stream
        
        promotes calcium reabsorption in kidney tubules
- - - - 2nd month of development
    - - cartilage is surrounded by perichondrium
    - - perichondrium becomes periosteum
        
        capillaries
      - secrete osteoid against hyaline cartilage
        
        encases into a collar of bone
        
        chondrocytes enlarge
        
        primary ossification
        
        chondrocytes and cartilage continue to grow
        
        secondary ossification develops in epiphyseal region
        
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  - - - develop directly from mesenchymal CT
        
        takes place in sheets of mesenchymal tissue
        
        begins as fetus,stops at adolescence
        
        osteoblasts cluster
        
        ossification center
        
        osteoblats secrete osteoid
        
        mineralizes trapping osteoblasts
        
        become osteocytes
        
        oseoids can secrete capillaries
        
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        compact bone develops around trabecular
        
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- - - - calcium is needed
        
        found in dairy, leafy green vegetables
      - vitamin K
      - magnesium
      - omega 3 fatty acids
  - - - found in dairy products
      - added in milk and some orange juice
        
        cannot obtain milk
      - sunlight triggers body to produce vitamin D
- - - - bone ends secured together by screws and plates
        
        immobilized by cast or traction to allow healing
        
        healing will take longer in larger bones
        
        bones in children are continually growing making healing process quicker
  - - - bone broken into many pieces
      - bone is introduced to outside world
        
        pathway to infection
        
        antibiotics will be needed
- - - - osteoclasts break down bone matrix
        
        osteo class undergo cell death
    - - osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix
        
        calcified bone matrix
    - - maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis
- - - - cartilage replaced by trabecular bone
        
        remodeling
        
        compact bone replaces spongy bone on outer surface
        
        takes several weeks
        
        bump may still be seen but goes away with time
        
        osteoclasts resorb dead bone at site
        
        osteogenic cells become active,divide
        
        osteoblasts adjacent to calls make trabecular
        
        endochondral ossification
      - within 48 hours
        
        from chondrocytes in endosteum and periosteum
        
        secrete fibrocarilaginous matrix between broken ends
        
        create hyaline cartilage and bone
        
        stabilizes fracture