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1 Cell Biology, 1.1 Intro to Cells (Cell Size (Limited by its need to…

- - - - Chemical reactions
    - - Ability to respond to external environement
    - - Self-regulatory control mechanisms that maintains constant internal environment
    - - Increase in size/shape
    - - production of offspring (sexually or asexually)
    - - Removal of waste products
    - - Intake of nutrients
- - - - Can differentiate into any type of cell (including placental cells)
        Can give rise to a complete organism.
    - - Can differentiate into all body cells, but cannot give rise to a whole organism.
        
        eg. embryonic
    - - Can differentiate into a few closely related types of body cell.
        
        eg. umbilical cord
    - - Can only differentiate into their associated cell type.
        
        eg. liver stem cells can only make liver cells
  - - - juvenile macular degeneration that causes loss of central vision, caused by an active transport protein to malfunction.
        
        Injecting retinal cells derived from human embryonic stem cells
    - - cancer of the blood / bone marrow, caused by high levels of white blood cells. Higher risk of developing infections, anemia and bleeding.
        
        Harvesting hematopoietic stem cells (multipotent) taken from the bone marrow or umbilical cord blood, coming from the patient / suitable donor. Chemotherapy and radiology to get rid of the diseased white blood cells, then transplants the HSCs back into the bone marrow
- - - - Greater efficiency of metabolism, as enzymes and substrates are enclosed and more concentrated
      - Internal conditions such as pH can be differentiated to maintain the optimal conditions for different enzymes
      - Isolation of toxic substances. Eg. the storage of hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes
- - - - Unbroken flask
        
        no microbes were found in broth, microbes from air were trapped in the curve of the neck
      - Broken flask
        
        Broth became cloudy, the microbes carried into the broth had grew and multiplied
- - - - reducing atmosphere, high radiation levels, high temperatures, electrical storms
    - - Formed: simple amino acids, complex oily hydrocarbons
- - - - taking in liquid substances
    - - taking in solids
- - - - Occurs in gas/liquid
      - only requires a conc. gradient
      - both living and non-living systems
        
        eg. Ammonia diffuses until gas is uniformly distributed in a room
      - In simple diffusion, large particles, polar molecules and charged particles cannot pass through the phospholipid bilayer
    - - Channel Proteins
        
        Concentration gradient or Active transport
      - Carrier Proteins
        
        only open to one side of the membrane at a time
        
        binds to ions on one side, then changes shape to open up on the other side and closing the opening on the original side, to carry them to the other side
      - specific to the molecules transported
      - Link
    - - Temperature
        
        Higher = Faster
      - Surface Area
        
        Increase in surface area, allows more molecules to diffuse
      - Size of particles
        
        Smaller molecules diffuse faster than larger molecules
      - Conc. gradient
        
        Bigger gradient = Faster
  - - - (less solutes in cell) Hypotonic > Isotonic > Hypertonic (more solutes in cell)
      - always relative terms
  - - - tissues kept in saline solution (that has the same concentration as the cytoplasm of the cells of the tissue) for storage
- - - - amphipathic
      - Channels
        
        pore/channel that allows the passive transport (no energy required) of substances between the inside and outside of the cell
      - Carriers
        
        Bind to substances on one side of the membrane and then change shape to transport them to the other side
        
        Protein pumps Carrier proteins that use energy to change shape
      - Recognition
        
        certain proteins help the cell in differentiating between self and non-self cells (important in triggering an immune response).
      - Receptors
        
        usually span the whole membrane to relay information from the inside or outside of the cell.
      - Enzymes
        
        enhance the rate of reactions that happen at the membrane level.
    - - hydrophilic
  - - - restricting the movement of phospholipids and other molecules
      - low temperatures, it disrupts the regular packing of the hydrocarbon tails of phospholipid molecules, which prevents the solidification of the membrane