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201910 社會認知理論 Social Cognitive Theory ( ㄧ (背景 (1977 (<Social Learning…

- - - - <Social Learning Theory >
        
        意識到社交模型在人類動機，思想和行動中的重要作用。
- - - - 人類的動機和行為受到遠見卓識的廣泛調節。
        這種預期的控制機制涉及可能涉及採取特定行動的結果的期望。
        human motivation and action are extensively regulated by forethought.This anticipatory control mechanism involves expectations that might refer to outcomes of undertaking a specific action.
      - Construct
        
        1
        
        perceived self-efficacy
        
        自我效能感
        
        與個人對自己對挑戰性需求和自身功能的控制能力的信念有關。 is concerned with individuals’ beliefs in their capability to exercise control over challenging demands and their own functioning.
        
        這與人們對自己執行獲得預期結果所需的特定行動的能力的信念有關 which is concerned with people’s beliefs in their capabilities to perform a specific action required to attain a desired outcome.
        
        決定了是否會採取工具性行動，會花費多少努力以及在遇到障礙和失敗時能夠維持多長時間。that determine whether instrumental actions will be initiated, how much effort will be expended, and how long it will be sustained in the face of obstacles and failures.
        
        是指個人行為的控製或代理 refers to personal action control or agency
        
        2
        
        Outcome expectancies
        
        預期結果
        
        與人們對其行為可能產生的後果的信念有關 which are concerned with people’s beliefs about the possible consequences of their actions
        
        3
        
        goals
        
        目標
        
        目標或意圖應盡可能具體，以便於後續行動 goals or intentions should be as specific as possible in order to facilitate subsequent action
        
        4
        
        Sociostructural factors
        
        社會結構因素
        
        指生活條件，衛生系統，政治，經濟或環境系統中存在的障礙（障礙）或機會 refer to the impediments (barriers) or opportunities that reside in living conditions, health systems, political, economic or environmental systems
        
        社會結構因素，例如經濟和教育條件以及社會經濟狀況，通過影響人們的認知來影響行為. Sociostructural factors, such as economic and educational conditions and socioeconomic status, affect behaviours through their impact on people’s cognitions
        
        5
        
        perceived impediments
        
        可感知的障礙
        
        6
        
        opportunity structures.
        
        機會結構
      - Construct details
        
        1
        
        perceived self-efficacy
        
        sources
        
        a
        
        personal mastery
        
        1 more item...
        
        b
        
        vicarious experience
        
        1 more item...
        
        c
        
        verbal persuasion by others
        
        1 more item...
        
        d
        
        emotional arousal
        
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        stages
        
        prevention 預防
        
        secondary
        
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        primary
        
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        initiation 啟動
        
        Pre-action self-efficacy
        
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        maintenance 維護
        
        Coping selfefficacy
        / maintenance self-efficacy
        
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        recovery 恢復
        
        Recovery self-efficacy
        
        1 more item...
        
        treatment adherence and relapse prevention 治療依從性與預防復發
        
        2
        
        Outcome expectancies
        
        areas
        
        a
        
        area of consequences
        
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        b
        
        positive /negative consequences
        
        1 more item...
        
        c
        
        short-term /long-term consequences.
        
        1 more item...
        
        3
        
        goals
        
        a
        
        distal goals
        
        遠端目標
        
        b
        
        proximal goals.
        
        近端目標
        
        4
        
        Sociostructural factors
        
        (a)
        
        環境中人與人之間的聯繫感 feelings of connection between people in the environment,
        
        (b)
        
        在環境中有自主權，可以控制自己的行為 feelings of autonomy in the environment that support taking control over one’s own actions,
        
        (c)
        
        環境中的技能培養機會 skill-building opportunities in the environment,
        
        (d)
        
        健康規範是指環境中的群體規範，表明健康行為是一種規範行為healthy norms that refer to group norms in the environment, suggesting that a healthy behaviour is a normative one
      - relationship
        
        .
        
        self-efficacy <-> Outcome expectancies
        
        .
        
        self-efficacy <-> goals
        
        自我效能感影響人們決定應對的挑戰以及設定目標的程度。 influences which challenges people decide to meet and how high they set their goals.
        
        較高的自我效能感不僅可以改善目標設定，而且可以在追求目標時更加持久，以及投入更多的精力。
        High self-efficacy not only improves goal setting, but leads to more persistence and invest more effort in pursuing the goal.
        
        .
        
        self-efficacy <-> Sociostructural factors
        
        自我效能會影響個人是否關註生活環境中的機會或障礙。Self-efficacy influences whether individuals pay attention to opportunities or barriers in their life circumstances.
        
        具有自我效能感的人可能會專注於其環境中的線索，認識到自己能夠克服障礙，並專注於機會。
        他即使環境提供了限制而不是機會，他們也能夠行使控制權
        People with strong self-efficacy might focus on cues in their environment, recognize that they are able to overcome obstacles, and focus on opportunities.
        They believe that they are able to exercise control, even if the environment provides constraints rather than opportunities
        
        .
        
        Outcome expectancies <-> goals
        
        如果人們認為追求這些目標弊大於利，就不會為自己設定目標. People would not set goals for themselves if they thought that the pursuit of such goals would have more disadvantages than advantages.
- - - - 學業成就，情緒障礙，心理和身體健康，職業選擇以及社會政治變革
    - - 對於仍在發起行為改變過程的人而言，預期結果對於發起行為可能更為重要。 For persons who are still initiating the process of behaviour change, outcome expectancies might be more important for initiating the behaviour.
      - 對於已經保持新行為並與障礙作鬥爭的人，自我效能感是養成新習慣的最重要認識 For those who are already maintaining a new behaviour and are fighting with obstacles, self-efficacy is the most important cognition on the way to developing a new habit