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What are the potential health effects and their possible origins due to…
What are the potential health effects and their possible origins due to the direct or indirect consequences of the genetic modification itself in GMOs, or due to the formulated herbicide mixture used on GMOs (and not glyphosate alone), or both?
Hypotheses Tested
If the potential health effects and their possible origins are due to the direct or indirect consequences of the genetic modification itself in GMOs due to the formulated herbicide mixture used on GMOs, then there needs to be a variety of testing done to determine what the effects are.
If the potential health effects and their possible origins are due to the direct or indirect consequences of the genetic modification itself in GMOs due to the formulated herbicide mixture used on GMOs, then there is a higher mortality for the GM and GM+R and R eating rats.
If the potential health effects and their possible origins are due to the direct or indirect consequences of the genetic modification itself in GMOs due to the formulated herbicide mixture used on GMOs, then there will be different rates for rats with tumors.
If the potential health effects and their possible origins are due to the direct or indirect consequences of the genetic modification itself in GMOs due to the formulated herbicide mixture used on GMOs, then there will be different deformities in the rats.
If the potential health effects and their possible origins are due to the direct or indirect consequences of the genetic modification itself in GMOs due to the formulated herbicide mixture used on GMOs, then the qualitative observations of the rats will be drastically different.
If the potential health effects and their possible origins are due to the direct or indirect consequences of the genetic modification itself in GMOs due to the formulated herbicide mixture used on GMOs, then the cells in their livers will qualitatively look different.
If the potential health effects and their possible origins are due to the direct or indirect consequences of the genetic modification itself in GMOs due to the formulated herbicide mixture used on GMOs, then the chemical makeup of the rats will drastically change.
If the potential health effects and their possible origins are due to the direct or indirect consequences of the genetic modification itself in GMOs due to the formulated herbicide mixture used on GMOs, then the causes of kidney failure will differ.
Methodology
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Types of maize (grown under similar conditions): R-tolerant NK603 and nearest isogenic non-transgenic control
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After 20 days of acclimatization, 100 male and 100 female animals were randomly assigned on a weight basis into 10 equivalent groups
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Measured tumor sizes, weight, clinical signs, and food and water consumption
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Key Results
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All treatments in both sexes enhanced large tumor incidence by 2–3-fold in comparison to the controls
the tumors also developed considerably faster than the controls, even though the majority of tumors were observed after 18 months
the first large detectable tumors occurred at 4 and 7 months into the study in males and females respectively, underlining the inadequacy of the standard 90 day feeding trials for evaluating GM crop and food toxicity
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disruption of biosynthetic pathways that may result from over-expression of the EPSPS transgene in the GM NK603 maize can give rise to comparable pathologies that may be linked to abnormal or unbalanced phenolic acids metabolites, or related compounds
lower levels of complete agricultural glyphosate herbicide formulations, at concentrations well below officially set safety limits, induce severe hormone-dependent mammary, hepatic and kidney disturbances
Death in male rats was mostly due to the development of severe hepatorenal insufficiencies, confirming the first signs of toxicity observed in 90 day feeding trials with NK603 maize
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Conclusion
GMO and Roundup maize cause mammary tumors, kidney malfunction, and a shorter life span in rats
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