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Ch.25 Populations and Ecosystems (The Structure of Ecosystems (trophic…

- - - - to environment
  - - - of same
        
        species
    - - not in isolation
        
        in habitat
  - - - not in isolation
        
        in habitat
    - - together
    - - interact with
        
        fungi
        
        protists
        
        animals
        
        prokaryotes
  - - - living organisms
    - - like
        
        climate
        
        others
        
        weather
- - - - conditions
        
        in which
        
        organism
        
        completes
        
        life cycle
    - - surroundings
        
        included in
        
        habitat
        
        debated
      - small herbs
        
        little affect
        
        on big trees
    - - aspect of
        
        habitat
        
        defintely
        
        affect plant
      - examples
        
        predators
        
        disease
        
        pollinators
      - redwood trees
        
        other plants
        
        vital to trees
        
        shrubs
        
        herbs
        
        forest fires
        
        stimulate
        
        germination
    - - abiotic
        
        nonliving
        
        like
        
        altitude
        
        fires
        
        latitude
        
        floods
        
        soil
        
        avalanches
        
        climate
        
        physical
      - biotic
        
        living
        
        like
        
        animals
        
        fungi
        
        other plants
        
        protists
        
        plant
        
        prokaryotes
  - - - formed by
        
        breakdown of rock
      - first plants
        
        invade soil
        
        pioneers
        
        tolerate
        
        severe conditions
        
        like
        
        little minerals
        
        little water
        
        sandy soil
        
        no neighbors
        
        change soil
      - thick soil
        
        three layers
        
        B horizon
        
        C horizon
        
        A horizon
    - - variable
        
        day length
        
        sunlight
        
        season length
        
        temperature
      - altitude
        
        affects plants
        
        carbon dioxide
        
        water vapor
        
        oxygen
        
        ozone
    - - critically important
      - plants
        
        restricted
        
        to
        
        climate zones
      - several components
        
        relative humidity
        
        winds
        
        rainfall
        
        others
        
        temperature
      - temperature
        
        extremes of
        
        high
        
        summer
        
        low
        
        winter
        
        tropics
        
        aroids
        
        orchids
        
        bromeliads
      - growing season
        
        time between
        
        last
        
        killing frost
        
        spring
        
        first
        
        killing frost
        
        autumn
      - tolerance range
        
        area
        
        between
        
        high extremes
        
        low extremes
        
        plants survive
    - - phenomenas
        
        like
        
        landslides
        
        snow avalanches
        
        fires
        
        floods
        
        plants can
        
        survive
        
        benefit
        
        forest fires
      - man-made
        
        or natural
      - changes
        
        radical
        
        quick
        
        significant
  - - - multiple species
      - possibility
        
        of
        
        interaction
        
        kind of
        
        interactions
        
        like
        
        mutualism
        
        beneficial
        
        1 more item...
        
        competition
        
        disadvantageous
        
        1 more item...
        
        limiting resource
      - competition
        
        limiting resource
        
        competitive exclusion
        
        less adapted
        
        species
        
        elimnated
        
        niche
        
        species adapted
        
        to
        
        particular conditions
      - ecotypes
        
        transplant experiments
        
        common garden
    - - individual
        
        modifies environment
        
        modification
        
        can be
        
        detrimental
        
        neutral
        
        beneficial
      - examples
        
        pine forests
        
        glaciers
        
        moraines
        
        poor soil
        
        pioneer species
        
        like
        
        Dryas
        
        willow
        
        alder
        
        fireweed
        
        beech/oak forests
        
        north america
    - - like
        
        fungi
        
        prokaryotes
        
        animals
      - seed dispersal
        
        mutualistic
        
        good for animal
        
        if
        
        embryos not digested
        
        seeds not chewed
      - commensal relationship
        
        one species
        
        benefits
        
        one species
        
        not affected
      - predation
        
        herbivory
        
        plants
        
        preyed upon
        
        herbivores
        
        animals
        
        who eat
        
        plants
        
        herbivory types
        
        browsing
        
        eating
        
        leaves
        
        shrubs
        
        twigs
        
        deer
        
        giraffe
        
        grazing
        
        eating
        
        herbs
        
        sheep
        
        fungi/bacteria
        
        pathogenic
- - - - affected by
        
        age distribution
        
        demography
    - - affected by
        
        generation time
        
        intrinsic rate of natural increase
    - - time from
        
        birth of
        
        individual
        
        birth of
        
        first offspring
    - - aka
        
        biotic potential
      - number of offspring
        
        that live to
        
        reproduce
      - ideal conditions
    - - number of individuals
        
        of population
        
        ecosystem supports
      - symbolized by
        
        K
  - - - disturbances
        
        floods
        
        fires
        
        man-made
        
        farming
        
        building cities
        
        mining
        
        damming rivers
        
        others
        
        extreme temperatures
      - r-selected species
        
        examples
        
        annuals
        
        small, shrubby perennials
      - r-sites
        
        adaptive
        
        early maturity
        
        many small seeds
        
        annual
        
        few defenses
        
        mechanical
        
        chemical
    - - k-sites
        
        adaptive
        
        late maturity
        
        fewer, larger seeds
        
        perennial
        
        many defences
      - stiff competition
      - examples
        
        conifers
        
        redwoods
        
        douglas firs
        
        bristle-cone pines
    - - species own potential
        
        r
      - carrying capacity
        
        k
  - - - one factor
      - determines
        
        health
        
        of plant
      - applies to
        
        all aspects
        
        of
        
        plant's interaction
        
        with habitat
      - can be any
        
        factor in
        
        ecosystem
    - - soil factors
      - biotic factors
    - - of individuals
        
        three types
        
        clumped
        
        spacing
        
        either
        
        large
        
        rarely average
        
        small
        
        uniform
        
        evenly spaced
        
        examples
        
        plantation
        
        orchard
        
        not common
        
        in nature
        
        plants can
        
        release chemicals
        
        keep other plants away
        
        allelochemics
        
        causes
        
        1 more item...
        
        purple salvia
        
        1 more item...
        
        random
        
        no obvious
        
        identifiable pattern
- - - - temporal structure
      - species diversity
      - physiogonmic structure
      - trophic levels
  - - - change with time
      - of ecosystem
    - - dramatic change
        
        with season
      - spring
        
        renewed activity
        
        flowers
        
        leaves
        
        pollinators
      - winter
        
        dormancy
      - autumn
        
        slow-down
      - tropics
        
        no
        
        spring
        
        winter
        
        change in
        
        wet season
        
        dry season
  - - - physical size/shape
        
        of organisms
      - relative distribution
    - - shrubs
      - herbs
      - trees
    - - C. Raunkiaer
      - categories
        
        hemicryptophytes
        
        chamaephytes
        
        geophytes
        
        phanerophytes
        
        therophytes
  - - - diversity
      - number
      - of species
        
        in ecosystem
    - - climate
      - soil
      - competition
  - - - feeding levels
    - - bring energy
        
        into system
      - photosynthesis
      - energy from Sun
      - primary producers
        
        first step
        
        of
        
        food web
    - - aka
        
        secondary producers
      - consume
        
        primary producers
      - primary consumers
    - - aka
        
        secondary consumers
      - consume
        
        herbivores
        
        primary consumers
    - - plants bring energy
        
        into system
        
        consumed by
        
        primary consumers
        
        consumed by
        
        secondary consumers
        
        consumed by
        
        1 more item...
      - at each level
        
        energy flow
        
        aka
        
        carbon flow
        
        energy used in
        
        respiration
        
        produces
        
        heat
        
        CO2
        
        ATP
        
        H2O