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Ch.17 Population Genetics and Evolution (Rates of Evolution (seedless…

- - - - long time
    - - change over time #
    - - affect
        
        fitness
        
        adaptation
        
        to environment
      - new alleles
  - - - of
        
        Americas
        
        Africa
        
        Australia
    - - species
      - geology
    - - scientific method
      - observation
  - - - Alfred Russel Wallace
      - Charles Darwin
        
        Origin of Species
        
        1859
    - - discoveries in
        
        disprove
        
        spontaneous generation
        
        hydroponic cultures
        
        cell theory
        
        enzymes
        
        genes
        
        and
        
        chromosomes
        
        artificial synthesis
        
        of
        
        biological compounds
- - - - groups of
        
        individuals
        
        one species
    - - different alleles
    - - over time
      - like
        
        decreases
        
        stability
        
        increases
  - - - of species
    - - of species
  - - - of alleles
    - - individuals
  - - - organism
        
        cannot adapt
        
        floods
        
        hailstorms
        
        volcanic eruption
        
        drpughts
    - - humans
        
        purposely change
        
        allele frequency
      - examples
        
        domestic animals
        
        plants
        
        crops
      - artificial mutation
    - - most significant
      - aka
        
        survival of fittest
      - two conditions
        
        are
        
        population produce
        
        more offspring
        
        than can
        
        survive
        
        progeny differ
        
        in
        
        types of alleles
      - role of
        
        competition
      - differential survival
        
        of phenotypes
      - not always
        
        from
        
        external agent
  - - - natural selection
        
        intention
        
        planning
        
        purpose
        
        voluntary decision-making
      - plants
        
        have no
  - - - no
        
        natural selection
      - like
        
        genetically identical
        
        population
        
        habitat
        
        supports
        
        maturation
        
        reproduction
    - - loss of individuals
      - reduced reproduction
      - selection
        
        not caused
        
        by
        
        single factor
      - example
        
        like
        
        pathogenic fungus
        
        in addition
        
        cold
        
        pollinators
        
        drought
        
        seed dispersal
        
        insect attack
- - - - over-powered
        
        phenotypes
  - - - Equisetum
      - ferns
      - lycopods
    - - tens of millions
        
        of years
      - without
        
        species
        
        divergence
  - - - aster seeds
    - - three genera
      - many species
      - in group
        
        new species
        
        every
        
        500,000 years
  - - - to identify
    - - must have
        
        recognizable effect
  - - - fruits
      - shoots
      - leaves
      - trichomes
      - flowers
  - - - constructive
- - - - biological phenomenon
      - disciminating pollinator
        
        flower
        
        shape
        
        fragrance
        
        color
      - sympatric speciation
        
        Mimulus lewisii
        
        M. cardenalis
      - isolation mechanisms
        
        postzygotic internal
        
        hybrid sterility
        
        hybrid invariability
        
        prezygotic
        
        before
        
        zygote forms
    - - special case
      - species
        
        rapidly diverges
        
        few million years
        
        into many species
      - examples
        
        Hawaii
        
        Galapagos Islands
      - founder individual
        
        founder
        
        homogenous
        
        short-lived
        
        pathogens
        
        predators
        
        lack of competition
        
        genetic drift
        
        from founder
        
        become
        
        heterogenous
    - - feature
        
        physical
        
        nonliving
      - prevents
        
        gene exchnage
        
        cannot interbreed
      - species
        
        divided
      - if
        
        speciation results
        
        geographic speciation
        
        allopatric
    - - unequal
        
        allele development
        
        in population
        
        range
      - reproductive isolation
        
        two causes
        
        abiological
        
        biological
  - - - distinct species
        
        occupy
        
        similar habitats
    - - favors
        
        same phenotype
    - - resemble
        
        one another
  - - - fruit/seed
        
        close to parents
      - long distance
        
        mechanisms
        
        like
        
        stream flow
        
        animals
        
        floods
        
        rafts
        
        wind
    - - small, mobile
        
        pieces
      - reproduce
        
        vegetatively
      - recombination
    - - pollen
        
        haploid genome
        
        pollen grains
      - by
        
        wind
        
        birds
    - - gene flow
        
        movement of alleles
        
        through
        
        seed dispersal
        
        vegetative propagation
        
        pollen transfer
        
        through space
  - - - natural selection
        
        causes
        
        new species
    - - reproduction
        
        maples
      - appearance
        
        orchids
    - - two ways
        
        phyletic speciation
        
        divergent speciation
- - - - proposed by
        
        A. Oparin
        
        Russian
        
        1924
        
        J.B.S Haldane
        
        English
      - Earth surface
        
        chemical reactions
        
        spontaneous
        
        complex chemicals
        
        millions of years
        
        produces
        
        molecules
        
        necessary for life
        
        protocells
      - early Earth
        
        four conditions
        
        energy sources
        
        time
        
        right inorganic chemicals
        
        absence of oxygen
  - - - complex chemistry
      - sources
        
        gamma radiation
        
        UV radiation
        
        heat
        
        electricity
    - - no limit
      - because
        
        no oxygen
      - ocean
        
        dilute soup
        
        primordial soup
    - - Earth formed
        
        4.6 bya
        
        gases and dust
        
        hydrogen atmosphere
        
        light gas
        
        lost to space
      - second atmosphere
        
        formed from
        
        rock gases
        
        meteorites
        
        produced
        
        hydrogen sulfide
        
        H2S
        
        ammonia
        
        NH3
        
        water
        
        H2O
        
        methane
        
        CH4
        
        reducing atmosphere
  - - - aggregation
      - organization
      - of
        
        chemical components
      - chemical components
        
        into
        
        masses
    - - metabolic pathway
      - two steps
        
        two enzymes
      - natural selection role
      - early evolution
        
        of glycolysis
    - - monomers
      - needed to
        
        polymerize
      - in
        
        concentrated ocean
        
        hot pools
    - - aerobic respiration
        
        by selection
      - from
        
        photosynthesis
        
        chlorphyll
        
        at start
      - oxidizing atmosphere
        
        build-up
        
        of oxygen
    - - Oparin
      - Haldane
      - S. Miller
        
        University of Chicago
        
        graduate student
        
        experiment
      - model of
        
        chemosynthesis
    - - no demarcation
        
        between
        
        life and nonlife