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Chapter 6-7 (((((((shows the flow of membrane lipids and proteins through…
Chapter 6-7
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- The nuclear envelope is connected to the rough ER, which is also continuous with the smooth ER
- Membranes and proteins produced by the ER move via transport vesicles to the Golgi
- The Golgi pinches off transport vesicles that give rise to lysosomes, other types of specialized vesicles, and vacuoles
- The lysosome is available for fusion with another vesicle for digestion
- A transport vesicle carries proteins to the plasma membrane for secretion
- The plasma membrane expands by fusion of vesicles; proteins are secreted from the cell
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bound ribosomes make proteins that are destined for insertion into membranes, for packaging within certain organelles such as lysosomes, or for export from the cell (secretion)
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both contain a semi-fluid, jellylike substance called cytosol, in which sub-cellular components are suspended
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NUCLEUS - a membrane-bound structure that contains the DNA of a cell and controls the cell's growth and reproduction
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NUCLEOLUS - non-membranous structure involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli
CHROMATIN - material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) - network of membranous sacs and tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes; has rough (ribosomes-studded) and smooth regions
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reinforces cell's shape; functions in cell movement; components are made of protein; includes: micro-filaments, intermediate filaments, micro-tubules
PEROXISOME - organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product and then converts it to water
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GOLGI APPARATUS - organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion pf cell products
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FLAGELLUM - motility structure present in some animal cells, composed of a cluster of micro-tubules within an extension of the plasma membrane
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CENTRAL VACUOLE - prominent organelle in older plant cells; functions include storage, breakdown of waste products, and hydrolysis of macro-molecules; enlargement of the vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth
CHLOROPLAST - photosynthetic organelle; converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules
PLASMODESMATA - cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connects the cytoplasms of adjacent cells
CELL WALL - outer layer that maintains the cell's shape and protects cell from mechanical damage; made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and protein
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a high surface-to-volume ratio facilitates the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment
the need for surface area large enough to accommodate the volume helps us explain the microscopic size of most cells and the narrow, elongated shapes of others (like nerve cells)
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if a cell grows beyond a certain limit, not enough material will be able to cross over the membrane fast enough to accommodate the increased volume
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understanding the function of each structure required the integration of cytology and biochemistry (the study of the chemical processes/or metabolism of cells)
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Light Microscope (LM) - visible light is passed through the specimen and then through the glass lenses; microscopes that are used in laboratories, can see animal cells, plant cells, most bacteria, nucleus, and mitochondrion
Electron Microscope (EM) - focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface; can see all that a light microscope can plus smallest bacteria, viruses, ribosomes, lipids, and proteins
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - useful for detailed study of topography of specimen; electron beam scans the surface of the sample, usually coated with a thin film of gold; useful in the study of topography; creates a three-dimensional image of the specimen
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) - used to study the internal structure of cells; aims an electron beam through a very thin section of the specimen; the specimen is stained with atoms of heavy metals, which attach to certain cellular structures and enhancing the electron density of some parts of the cell more than others
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the development of instruments that extend the human senses allowed the discovery and early study of cells
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Peripheral Proteins - are not embedded into the lipid bi-layer at all; they are loosely bound to the surface of the membrane, often exposed to parts of integral proteins
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