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Bone fracture (bone fractures (stress (physical activity (runners)),…
Bone fracture
bone fractures
stress
physical activity
runners
compound
bone pierce skin
one or both ends
simple
bone does not pierce skin
green stick
incomplete broken bone
comminuted
2 bone pieces
spiral
by twisting
complete
bone is broken through
incomplete
bone not broken through
pathological
by disease
bone cells/ bone is connective tissue
osteoblast
build up bone tissue
adds calcium
cell layer of periosteum & endosteum
bone formation
osteocyte
maintain mineral conc.
entrapped in bone
regulate bone health
osteogenic
periosteum &endosteum
develop into osteoblasts
stem cells
osteoclast
bone resorption
breakdown old/damaged bone
release Calcium into blood
layer of periosteum and endosteum
bone structures
diaphysis
tubular, shaft
collar
compact bone
central
medullary/marrow cavity
no bone tissue
adults
yellow bone marrow
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epiphysis
bone ends
outer part compact bone
inner part spongy bone
articular cartilage covers joint surface
cushion
absorbs stress
absorbs shock
epiphyseal line
remnant of epiphyseal plate
growth plate
hyaline cartilage dics
responsible for bone growth
metaphysis
btw epiphysis and diaphysis
epiphyseal line found here
bone healing
hematoma formation(1)
from clotted blood
6-8 hours
tissues are swollen and painful
callus formation(2)
internal and external
fibrocartilaginous callus
from chondrocytes
secrete fibrocartilaginous matrix
create hyaline cartilage around break
stabilize fracture
within 48 hours
trabecular formation(3)
cartilage is replaced
osteoclast resorb dead bone
osteogenic cells divide
develop into osteoblast
trabeculae formation
endochondrial ossification
remodeling (4)
compact bone replaces spongy bone
young bones
more flexible
less likely to break
dense
thicker covering
unhealthy eating habit
bone lack in calcium
lack vitamin D
porous bones
less thicker and fragile
leads to broken bone
needs special care
12 y old lack organic and inorganic components
lack phosphate
lactose intolerance
Bone Formation
starts in embryo
majority is cartilage in embryo
ossification is bone formation
endochondral ossification
hyaline cartilage replacement
mesenchymal cell
chondrocyets
cartilage model forms
capillaries penetrate cartilage
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perichondral forms
transform into periosteum
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intramembranous ossification
in sheets of mesenchymal tissues/not from cartilage
fetus to adolescence
e.g flat bones of skull &clavicle
some becomes cappilaries
osteoid around capillaries
trabecula
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some mesenchymal cell become osteoblasts
secrete osteiod
mineralizes entrapping osteoblasts
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Remodeling
continues after bone growth
resorption of old bone
osteoblast lay new bone
injury and mechanical stress lead to remodeling
5-10% skelton refreshes each year without injury
material needed
organic
0steoprogenitor cell
osteoblasts
osteocytes
bone lining cells
osteoclasts
osteoids
ground substance
collagen fiber
vitamin D
inorganic
hydroxyapetites
mineral salts
calcium
phophate
responsible for bone hardness
Broken bone/forearm/radius or ulna
bone penetrating skin
compound /open fracture
bone fragments
comminuted fracture
epiphyseal plate
between diaphysis and epiphysis of long bones (metaphysis)
disc of hyaline cartilage
growth plate
longitudinal bone growth
childhood to as bone matures
fall
poor nutrient diet lacking essential inorganic &organic nutrients