Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Populations and ecosystem (The Structure of Ecosystems (Species…
Populations and ecosystem
The Structure of Ecosystems
Species Composition:The number and diversity of species that coexist in an ecosystem, and it depends on whether the climate is mild or stressful, the soil is rich or poor, and the species tolerance ranges are broad or narrow
Physiognomic Structure: The size and shape of the
organisms and their distribution in relation to each other and to the physical environment
Trophic Levels: Feeding levels
Temporal Structure: The changes that an ecosystem
undergoes with time constitute
Plants in Relationship to Their Habitats
Habitat (The set of conditions in which an organism
completes its life cycle)
Biotic (Living Factors)
Biotic Components of Habitat
The Plant Itself (Habitat modification may be beneficial, deter
mental, or neutral to the continued success of that species in its own habitat)
Organisms Other Than Plants (Animal, fungi, and prokaryotes
are important biotic aspects of a plant's habitat)
Predation: Relationship in which one species benefits and the other are harmed
Commensal Relationship: In which one species benefits and the
other are unaffected
Other Plant Species (Possibility for interaction is created; if the interaction is basically beneficial for both organisms, it is described as mutualism, but if it is disadvantageous, it is competition)
Abiotic (Non-living factor)
Abiotic Components of the Habitat
Climate (Critically important to all organisms ; has many
components -temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, and winds)
Latitude and Altitude (Regions of high altitudes on mountain tops
are similar to those high latitude)
Soil Factor (Formed by breakdown of rock. First soil that invade
a new soil, called pioneers)
Has three layers of horizon
B horizon (Zone of deposition because rainwater washes
nutrients from A horizon to this layer)
A horizon (Uppermost and sometimes its
called the zone of leaching ; consists of litter and debris)
C horizon (Composed mostly of parent rock and rock fragments)
Disturbance (Phenomena such as fires, landslides, snow
avalanches, and floods)
Concepts
Population (An individual plant never exists in isolation in a habitat; instead, there are other individual of the same
species and together they constitute)
Community (Population does not exist in isolation rather, coexists with numerous population of other plant species as well as populations of animals, fungi, protists, and
prokaryotes)
The structure of Populations
r selection: A disturbance usually produce r conditions like a fire or flood destroys many individuals in the area and resources are plentiful for few that remain whether they are
Age Distribution: Demography ( In which a population
responds to various factors in its habitat is partly affected)
k- selection: Condition in a crowded habitat, where a population is close to its carrying capacity, select for
phenotypes very different from those that are beneficial in a disturbed habitat.
Geographic Distribution
Local Geographic Distribution
Random Distribution: This is used whenever there is no obvious,
identifiable pattern to the position of individuals)
Clumped Distribution: Those in which the spacing between plants
and is either small or large, but rarely average.
Uniform Distribution: Types that occur in orchards and tree
plantations; all individuals are evenly spaced from their neighbor
Boundaries of the Geographic Range (The ability of a plant
species to spread throughout a geographic area is a result of its adaptations to the abiotic and biotic components of that area)
