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CHAPTER 6-7 (membrane proteins (transport (provides hydrophilic channel…

- - - - surrounded by a nuclear envelope perforated by nuclear pores
      - houses chromosomes
      - regulates entry and exit of materials
    - - free in cytosol or bounded to ER
      - protein synthesis
    - - stacks of flattened membranous sacs ; has polarity
      - modification of proteins
      - synthesis of many polysaccharides
    - - membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes (in animal cell)
      - break down of ingested substances and damaged organelles for recycling
    - - large membrane bounded vesicle
      - digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, ell growth and protection
    - - typically two membrane around fluid stroma, which contains thylakoids stacked into grana
      - photosynthesis
    - - bounded by double membrane ; inner membrane has infolding
      - cellular respiration
    - - specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane
      - contains enzymes that transfer H atoms from substrates to oxygen producing hydrogen peroxide which is converted to water
    - - cell wall of plants
        
        distinguishes plant cell from animal cell
        
        maintains shape an protects the [plant cell
        
        prevents excessive uptake of water
        
        there are 3 types; primary cell wall, middle lamella, secondary cell wall
      - Extracellular matrix (ECM)
        
        contains glycoproteins and carbohydrate containing different molecules secreted by the cell
        
        only animal cell has ECM
  - - - they perforate cell wall
      - connects the cells
- - - - can bring large particles like glucose to the cell
      - pinocytosis; they bring liquids into the cell
      - phagocytosis; responsible for transporting large particles other solutes into the cell
    - - deposit materials from inside the cell on the outside
      - vesicles are formed in the golgi bodies
    - - two potassium ions bind to the pump
      - the phosphate group form a molecule of ATP bind to the pump
      - the pump changes shape and the sodium ions are released outside the cell
  - - - movement of molecules from high concentration to less concentration along a concentration gradient
      - eg; diffusion of people, ideas and price values
    - - it is the movement of way=ter or solvent from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration through a selectively permeable artificial membrane
      - tonicity
        
        the ability of a surrounding solution to cause the cell to lose or gain water
        
        isotocity
        
        the net movement of water across the plasma membrane
        
        hypotonicity
        
        water moves into the cell, making swell and get fat sometime bursting
        
        hypertonicity
        
        water leaves the cell, causing it to strinked and probably die