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Macromolecules (Proteins (Structures (Primary: sequence of amino acids in…
Macromolecules
Proteins
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Amino Acids
Contain amino & carboxyl group, bounded to a central alpha carbon.
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General Info
Made of C,H,O,N, & a little S
Structures
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Secondary: Repeating 3D structures found in all polypeptide chains. Hydrogen bonding between atoms in the CN backbone of the polypeptide (no R group). Types: alpha and beta helix
Tertiary: the specific 3D shape of a particular polypeptide chain (conformation). Happens due to the interactions between R groups with other R groups and the local environment of the cell.
Interactions: Ionic, disulfide bridge, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonds.
Quaternary: 3D structure of any protein that's made of more than one polypeptide chain. Happens when multiple chains form a functional protein.
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Carbohydrates
Functions
1- short term energy storage
-plants use amylose for energy storage
-animals use glycogen for energy storage
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Composition
Made of C, H, and O ratio 1:2:1
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Forms
1-monomers: monosaccharides ex glucose, galactose
2-polymers: polysaccharides ex lactose, maltose
nucleic acids
General Info
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Made of nucleotides which consist of a phosphate, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
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DNA
-DNA has Adenine, thymine, Guanine, & Cytosine.
Functions: stores information about primary structure of proteins, and the sequences of RNA molecules.
-Is heritable.
Structure
-2 chains of covalently bonded nucleotides (phosphodiester bonds).
-chains are bonded together by hydrogen bonds.
-A bonds with T, G with C.
-Purines= A,G
-Pyrimidines= T,C
RNA
Functions: 1. Transmits and translates DNA info into proteins.
2.Many enzymatic and regulatory functions.
- One kind of DNA-15 types of known RNA at current (3 main types).
Structure:
-less stable than DNA.
- 1 strand but base pairing can still occur (A-U)
lipids
General info
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Made of C,H, O (no ratio)
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Groups
1- Triglycerides
-made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
-connected by ester linkage
-saturated: single bond ex: butter
-unsaturated: double bonds ex: oils
2-phospholipids
-made of 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids and one phosphate
-makes the molecule amphipathic
-major component of cell membrane
3- steroids
-a class of hormones
-structure= fused rings
-they have many different functional groups therefore many functions
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