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an extracellular bacterium that has entered the body via the skin. (How…
an extracellular bacterium that has entered the body via the skin.
How does the cell recognize the micro-organism?
Where in the body is the immune cell located?
Neutrophilic granulocyte
Ciruclating through the blood.
Macrophage
circulating through the blood and located in the extracellular fluid.
Dendritic cell
Located between in the extracellular fluid.
NK cell
Circulating through the blood.
Complement system
circulating through the blood, (How does it get in the extracellular fluid?) :warning:
B cells
In the secondary lymphoid tissues and organs.
Antibodies (IgM-IgG-IgA-IgE)
A bit of them are in the extracellular fluid.
Th1 cells + cytokines
In the secondary lymphoid tissues and organs.
Th2 cells + cytokines
In the secondary lymphoid tissues and organs.
CD8 T cell
In the secondary lymphoid tissues and organs.
Which molecules/receptors has the immune cell for recognition of the micro-organism?
Complement system
Classical pathway; activated by antibodies coating target cells.
Lectin pathway; activated by lectins binding to specific sugars on microorganism's surface.
Alternative pathway; activated spontaneously. Lack of inhibitors on microorganism's surface allows process to proceed.
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
Intracellular
Nod like receptors (NLRs)
Rig like reeptors (RLRs)
Extracellular
Toll like receptors (TLRs)
C-type lectin receptor (CLRs)
Which part of the micro-organism is recognized by the immune cell?
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
Gram-negative bacteria
Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and endotoxins found on the cell membranes
Gram-positive bacterai
bacterial flagellin and lipoteichoic acid.
Is there a difference in recognition of the micro-organism between different immune cells?
Neutrophilic granulocyte
pamps
Macrophage
pamps
Dendritic cell
pamps
NK cell
pamps
Complement system
Classical pathway; activated by antibodies coating target cells.
Lectin pathway; activated by lectins binding to specific sugars on microorganism's surface.
Alternative pathway; activated spontaneously. Lack of inhibitors on microorganism's surface allows process to proceed.
B cells
antigens from APCs
Antibodies (IgM-IgG-IgA-IgE)
Antigens bind to the Fc region. (do they have PAMPs?) :warning:
Th1 cells + cytokines
I do not know whether the Th1 cells themselves are able to recognize pathogens, but I do think that they are activated by having an initial response by the APCs.
The defining cytokine of Th1 is IFNgamma. :warning:
Th2 cells + cytokines
I do not know whether the Th2 cells themselves are able to recognize pathogens, but I do think that they are activated by having an initial response by the APCs. I am still in doubt whether these would be stimulated to be differentiated when a bacteria has been presented.
The defining cytokines of Th2 are IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13. :warning:
CD8 T cel
CD 8 T cells recognize cells with MHC-1. CD8 T cells also produce cytokines tat induce inflammation and activate macrophages. :warning:
Is there a direct recognition of the micro-organism or are other cells necessary for the recognition?
B cells, Th cells and CD8 T cells need others for recognition (?)
Where do the immune cell and the micro-organism meet each other?
Neutrophilic granulocyte
In the ectracellular fluid.
Macrophage
In the ectracellular fluid.
Dendritic cell
In the ectracellular fluid.(Sentinal cells are in the skin)
NK cell
In the ectracellular fluid.
Complement system
In the ectracellular fluid.
B cells
B cells are initially in the secondary lympoid organs (primarily the spleen?) this is were they will meet the micro-organism. :warning:
Antibodies (IgM-IgG-IgA-IgE)
Antibodies are present In the ectracellular fluid. After the addaptive immunesystem is activated, even more antibodies will migrate towards that area. :warning:
Th1 cells + cytokines
Th1 cells are presented with the antigens in the secondary lyhmphoid organs, but the Th cells will truly meet the micro-organims in the ectracellular flui were the micro-organisms are located. :warning:
Th2 cells + cytokines
Th1 cells are presented with the antigens in the secondary lyhmphoid organs, but the Th cells will truly meet the micro-organims in the ectracellular flui were the micro-organisms are located. :warning:
CD8 T cell
CD8 T cells are presented with the antigens in the secondary lyhmphoid organs, but the CD8 T cells will truly meet the micro-organims in the ectracellular flui were the micro-organisms are located. :warning:
How is the cell activated?
Which molecules/signals are needed for activation of the immune cell?
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
Gram-negative bacteria
Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and endotoxins found on the cell membranes
Gram-positive bacterai
bacterial flagellin and lipoteichoic acid.
Compelent system
Classical pathway; activated by antibodies coating target cells.
Alternative pathway; activated spontaneously. Lack of inhibitors on microorganism's surface allows process to proceed.
Lectin pathway; activated by lectins binding to specific sugars on microorganism's surface.
PRRS
Intracellular
NODs
RIGs
extracellular
TLRs
CLRs
Where is the activation of the immune cell taking place?
In the extracellular fluid.
What is the effector mechanism of the immune cell?
Does the immune cell kill directly the micro-organism?
Neutrophilic granulocyte
yes
Macrophage
yes
Dendritic cell
no
NK cell
yes ? :warning:
Complement system
both direclty and indirectly
B cells
no
Antibodies (IgM-IgG-IgA-IgE)
no
Th1 cells + cytokines
no
Th2 cells + cytokines
no
CD8 T cell
yes
What does the immune cell do/What is the function of the immune cell?
Neutrophilic granulocyte
Ingest and destroy invaders
Macrophage
Ingest and destroy invaders. Antigen presentation.
Dendritic cell
Recognize paathogens and activate other immune cells by antigen presentation.
NK cell
Are NK cell that useful during bacterial infection,not only in viral infections. The probably induce apoptosis in some cells. :warning:
Complement system
The complemenet system is responsible for the opsonization of micorbes; enhances inflammation and is responsible for the formation of the membrane attack complex (MACs).
B cells
Increase the release of antibodies wich help to get rid of the bacteria.
Antibodies (IgM-IgG-IgA-IgE)
bind to bacteria for phagocytosis.
Th1 cells + cytokines
the function of Th1helper cells is to increase the activation of macrophages by releasing cytokines. The defining cytokine of Th1 is IFNgamma
Th2 cells + cytokines
The function of Th2 helper cells is to increase the activation of Eusoinophils to defend the body against parasites.
CD8 T cell
Do CD8 T cells help with the bacteria extermination? :warning:
Does the immune cell produce intermediates?
Neutrophilic granulocyte
no
Macrophage
no
Dendritic cell
no
NK cell
yes: interferons; but that is agains viruses, does that also go for bacteria then, no right?
Complement system
no
B cells
yes
Antibodies (IgM-IgG-IgA-IgE)
no
Th1 cells + cytokines
yes
Th2 cells + cytokines
yes
CD8 T cell
yes (?) :warning:
How does the immune cell, or the compounds of the immune cell, interact with other parts of the immune system?
What is the link/communication between the immune cell/compounds and other parts of the immune system?
Neutrophilic granulocyte
Innate immune system, holds of the bacteria
Macrophage
innate immune system, eliminaties bacteria, is able to release cytokines for inflammation and is able to present antigens to other cells
Dendritic cell
Dendritic cells are antigen presenting cells and connect the innate immune system to the addaptive immune system.
NK cell
innate immune system
Complement system
B cells can be activated by complement proteins and they increase the local innate immune system.
B cells
B cells are a part of the addaptive immune system.
Antibodies (IgM-IgG-IgA-IgE)
Antibodies are altered by the addaptive immune system and work together with the innate immune system to dispose of the bacteria.
Th1 cells + cytokines
Th1 cells are part of the addaptive immune system, these cells increase the activity of macrophages, which are part of the innate immune system.
Th2 cells + cytokines
Th2 cells are a part of the addaptive immuen system, these cells increase the activity of the Eusoinophils which aid against parasistes (These will probably not be triggered when a bacteria infects. :warning:
CD8 T cell
I do not know whether these will be activated when a bacteria infects someone, nut CD8 T cells kil other cells that present MHC-1. :warning:
Where do the interactions take place?
Neutrophilic granulocyte
WCF
Macrophage
ECF
Dendritic cell
ECF
NK cell
ECF
Complement system
ECF
B cells
Secondary lymphoid organs
Antibodies (IgM-IgG-IgA-IgE)
ECF
Th1 cells + cytokines
ECF ? :warning:
Th2 cells + cytokines
ECF
CD8 T cell
ECF
Draw and name the specific molecules that are involved in cell-cell or cellmolecule interaction
Neutrophilic granulocyte
phagocytosis
Macrophage
phagocytosis
Dendritic cell
antigen and dendtritic cell; pagocytosis.
NK cell
? :warning:
Complement system
the complement system engages with antibodies that are attached to the microbe; with the sugar group lectin on microbes; and it interacts with B cells, a C3d attached to a microbe will bind with CR2 receptor on the B, the CR2 is attached to a CD19 complex which is involved in delivering activating signals to teh B cell.
B cells
Produces antibodes that bind to microbes. The B cell has its own TLRs and has CR2 receptors that are attached to a CD19 complex, responsible for delivering activating signals.
Antibodies (IgM-IgG-IgA-IgE)
IgG is a monomer and is able to bind strongly to a few pathogens. IgA is a dimer that is mainly prevents colonization of bacteria.
IgM is a pentamer and plays a vital role in the activation of the classical pathway.
IgE binds to allergens and triggers the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils.
Th1 cells + cytokines
Th1 helper cells activate macrophages by releasing the cytokine IFNgamma and by binding a CD40L (T cell) to the CD40 (infected macrophage). The macrophage will increase cytokine secretion and will be able to kill bacteria. Also increased B7 expression (may help in communication with T cells?).
Th2 cells + cytokines
Th2 cells activate Eusinophils by secreting IL-4,5 and 13. Eusinophils attack parasites.
CD8 T cell
Perforin and granzymes are used to apoptose the microbe. They also have adhesion structures like I-CAM to attach to the microbe.
a virus that has infected the body via the lungs.
How does the cell recognize the micro-organism?
Where in the body is the immune cell located?
Neutrophilic granulocyte
Ciruclating through the blood.
Macrophage
circulating through the blood and located in the extracellular fluid.
Dendritic cell
Located between endothelial cells and in the extracellular fluid.
NK cell
Circulating through the blood.
Complement system
circulating through the blood, (How does it get in the extracellular fluid?) :warning: Does it just pas through the endothelial cells?
B cells
In the secondary lymphoid tissues and organs.
Antibodies (IgM-IgG-IgA-IgE)
A bit of them are in the extracellular fluid.
Th1 cells + cytokines
In the secondary lymphoid tissues and organs.
Th2 cells + cytokines
In the secondary lymphoid tissues and organs.
CD8 T cell
In the secondary lymphoid tissues and organs.
Which molecules/receptors has the immune cell for recognition of the micro-organism?
Complement system (is the complement system important for viral infection? :warning:
Classical pathway; activated by antibodies coating target cells.
Lectin pathway; activated by lectins binding to specific sugars on microorganism's surface.
Alternative pathway; activated spontaneously. Lack of inhibitors on microorganism's surface allows process to proceed.
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
Intracellular
Nod like receptors (NLRs)
Rig like reeptors (RLRs)
Extracellular
Toll like receptors (TLRs)
C-type lectin receptor (CLRs)
Natural Killer cells are able to recognize virus-infected cells somehow. :warning:
major histocompatibility complex 1 and 2.
Which part of the micro-organism is recognized by the immune cell?
major histocompatibility complex 1 and 2.
Is there a difference in recognition of the micro-organism between different immune cells?
Neutrophilic granulocyte
?
Macrophage
?
Dendritic cell
? Recognize viruses?
NK cell
How do these cell recognize virus-infected cells? :warning:
Complement system (acivated? :warning:)
Classical pathway; activated by antibodies coating target cells.
Lectin pathway; activated by lectins binding to specific sugars on microorganism's surface.
Alternative pathway; activated spontaneously. Lack of inhibitors on microorganism's surface allows process to proceed.
B cells
antigens from APCs
Antibodies (IgM-IgG-IgA-IgE)
Antigens bind to the Fc region. (do they have PAMPs?) :warning:
Th1 cells + cytokines
I do not know whether the Th1 cells themselves are able to recognize pathogens, but I do think that they are activated by having an initial response by the APCs.
The defining cytokine of Th1 is IFNgamma. :warning:
Th2 cells + cytokines
I do not know whether the Th2 cells themselves are able to recognize pathogens, but I do think that they are activated by having an initial response by the APCs. I am still in doubt whether these would be stimulated to be differentiated when a bacteria has been presented.
The defining cytokines of Th2 are IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13. :warning:
CD8 T cel
CD 8 T cells recognize cells with MHC-1. CD8 T cells also produce cytokines tat induce inflammation and activate macrophages. :warning:
Is there a direct recognition of the micro-organism or are other cells necessary for the recognition?
B cells, Th cells and CD8 T cells need others for recognition (?)
Where do the immune cell and the micro-organism meet each other?
Neutrophilic granulocyte
In the ectracellular fluid.
Macrophage
In the ectracellular fluid.
Dendritic cell
In the ectracellular fluid.(Sentinal cells are in the skin)
NK cell
In the ectracellular fluid.
Complement system
In the ectracellular fluid.
B cells
B cells are initially in the secondary lympoid organs (primarily the spleen?) this is were they will meet the micro-organism. :warning:
Antibodies (IgM-IgG-IgA-IgE)
Antibodies are present In the ectracellular fluid. After the addaptive immunesystem is activated, even more antibodies will migrate towards that area. :warning:
Th1 cells + cytokines
Th1 cells are presented with the antigens in the secondary lyhmphoid organs, but the Th cells will truly meet the micro-organims in the ectracellular flui were the micro-organisms are located. :warning:
Th2 cells + cytokines
Th1 cells are presented with the antigens in the secondary lyhmphoid organs, but the Th cells will truly meet the micro-organims in the ectracellular flui were the micro-organisms are located. :warning:
CD8 T cell
CD8 T cells are presented with the antigens in the secondary lyhmphoid organs, but the CD8 T cells will truly meet the micro-organims in the ectracellular flui were the micro-organisms are located. :warning:
What is the effector mechanism of the immune cell?
Does the immune cell kill directly the micro-organism?
Neutrophilic granulocyte
yes
Macrophage
yes
Dendritic cell
no
NK cell
yes
Complement system
indirectly
B cells
no
Antibodies (IgM-IgG-IgA-IgE)
no
Th1 cells + cytokines
no
Th2 cells + cytokines
no
CD8 T cell
yes
What does the immune cell do/What is the function of the immune cell?
Neutrophilic granulocyte
Ingest and destroy invaders
Macrophage
Ingest and destroy invaders. Antigen presentation.
Dendritic cell
Recognize paathogens and activate other immune cells by antigen presentation.
They are also responsible for cross-presentation.
NK cell
NK cells release perforin and granzymes to kill virus-infected cells. NK cells also release interferons, interferons alpha and beta are reduce the synthesis of new proteins in virus-infected cells and interferon gamma activates macrophages.
Complement system
complement proteins like C3d can activate B cells on the CR2 receptors that are attached to a CD19 complex, responsible for delivering activating signals.
B cells
Increase the release of antibodies wich will neutrilze the virus and will promote phagocytosis.
Antibodies (IgM-IgG-IgA-IgE)
bind to virus for phagocytosis.
Th1 cells + cytokines
the function of Th1helper cells is to increase the activation of macrophages by releasing cytokines. The defining cytokine of Th1 is IFNgamma
Th2 cells + cytokines
The function of Th2 helper cells is to increase the activation of Eusoinophils to defend the body against parasites.
CD8 T cell
Do CD8 T cells kills virus-infected cells.
Does the immune cell produce intermediates?
Neutrophilic granulocyte
no
Macrophage
yes?
Dendritic cell
no
NK cell
yes: interferons; but that is agains viruses, does that also go for bacteria then, no right?
Complement system
no
B cells
yes
Antibodies (IgM-IgG-IgA-IgE)
no
Th1 cells + cytokines
yes
Th2 cells + cytokines
yes
CD8 T cell
yes (?) :warning:
How is the cell activated?
Which molecules/signals are needed for activation of the immune cell?
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
Foreign DNA and RNA
PRRS
Intracellular
NODs
RIGs
extracellular
TLRs
CLRs
Where is the activation of the immune cell taking place?
Neutrophilic granulocyte
?
Macrophage
ECF
Dendritic cell
ECF
NK cell
ECF
Complement system
?
B cells
Secondary lymphoid tissue
Antibodies (IgM-IgG-IgA-IgE)
ECF
Th1 cells + cytokines
Secondary lymphoid tissue
Th2 cells + cytokines
Secondary lymphoid tissue
CD8 T cell
Secondary lymphoid tissue
How does the immune cell, or the compounds of the immune cell, interact with other parts of the immune system?
What is the link/communication between the immune cell/compounds and other parts of the immune system?
Neutrophilic granulocyte
?
Macrophage
Macrophages kill viruses.
Dendritic cell
Dendritic cells are antigen presenting cells and connect the innate immune system to the addaptive immune system.
NK cell
innate immune system; kills viruses
Complement system
B cells can be activated by complement proteins and they increase the local innate immune system.
B cells
B cells are a part of the addaptive immune system.
Antibodies (IgM-IgG-IgA-IgE)
Antibodies are altered by the addaptive immune system and work together with the innate immune system to dispose of the bacteria.
Th1 cells + cytokines
Th1 cells are part of the addaptive immune system, these cells increase the activity of macrophages, which are part of the innate immune system.
Th2 cells + cytokines
Th2 cells are a part of the addaptive immuen system, these cells increase the activity of the Eusoinophils which aid against parasistes.:
CD8 T cell
CD8 T cells kill virus-infected cells.
Where do the interactions take place?
Neutrophilic granulocyte
WCF
Macrophage
ECF
Dendritic cell
ECF
NK cell
ECF
Complement system
ECF
B cells
Secondary lymphoid organs
Antibodies (IgM-IgG-IgA-IgE)
ECF
Th1 cells + cytokines
ECF ? :warning:
Th2 cells + cytokines
ECF
CD8 T cell
ECF
Draw and name the specific molecules that are involved in cell-cell or cellmolecule interaction
Neutrophilic granulocyte
phagocytosis
Macrophage
phagocytosis
Dendritic cell
antigen and dendtritic cell; pagocytosis.
NK cell
Interferon are released by NK cells and perforins with granzymes.
Complement system
the complement system engages with antibodies that are attached to the microbe; with the sugar group lectin on microbes; and it interacts with B cells, a C3d attached to a microbe will bind with CR2 receptor on the B, the CR2 is attached to a CD19 complex which is involved in delivering activating signals to teh B cell.
B cells
Produces antibodes that bind to microbes. The B cell has its own TLRs and has CR2 receptors that are attached to a CD19 complex, responsible for delivering activating signals.
Antibodies (IgM-IgG-IgA-IgE)
IgG is a monomer and is able to bind strongly to a few pathogens. IgA is a dimer that is mainly prevents colonization of bacteria.
IgM is a pentamer and plays a vital role in the activation of the classical pathway.
IgE binds to allergens and triggers the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils.
Th1 cells + cytokines
Th1 helper cells activate macrophages by releasing the cytokine IFNgamma and by binding a CD40L (T cell) to the CD40 (infected macrophage). The macrophage will increase cytokine secretion and will be able to kill bacteria. Also increased B7 expression (may help in communication with T cells?).
Th2 cells + cytokines
Th2 cells activate Eusinophils by secreting IL-4,5 and 13. Eusinophils attack parasites.
CD8 T cell
Perforin and granzymes are used to apoptose the microbe. They also have adhesion structures like I-CAM to attach to the microbe.