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EU Policy and Governance (week 2 (executive (Commission (functions…

- - - - state
      - (quasi)federation
      - intl. org.
      - political system
        
        institutions + rules
        
        recognized effectiveness
        
        distribution of resources + allocation of values
        
        continuous interaction
    - - compromise supranational-intergov
        
        institutional structure
        
        competences
        
        rules of inter-institutional relations & decision-making
      - space of politics
      - policies
    - - integration
        
        intergovernmentalism
        
        high (logic of diversity) vs low (logic of integration) politics
        
        Hoffman
        
        liberal intergovernmentalism
        
        neo-functionalism
        
        transnational interests
        
        Haas
        
        elite-driven
        
        spillovers
        
        functional (need neighbouring integration)
        
        political (lobbying groups for integration)
        
        cultivated (policy entrepeneurs on supran level)
        
        supranational governance: depends on policy area
      - EU politics
        
        multi-level governance
        
        authority dispersed across levels
        
        flow of resources between levels
        
        regional can access supranational directly
        
        comparative politics
        
        EU polity
        
        legislative
        
        executive
        
        judicial
        
        EU politics
        
        comparative federalism
    - - 1951: Treaty of Paris: ECSC (Monnet)
        
        High Authority (supranational)
        
        ever closer union, limited beginnings
        
        Council of Ministers
        
        Luxembourg Compromise
        
        Common Assembly
        
        Court of Justice
      - 1957: Treaties of Rome
        
        Euratom
        
        European Economic Community: four freedoms
        
        supranational Commission
      - Court of Justice rulings
        
        1963: direct effect: van Gend en Loos
        
        1964: supremacy: Costa v ENEL
        
        1979: mutual recognition: Cassis de Dijon
        
        1991: state liability: Francovich I
      - 1970s
        
        1970: Treaty of Luxembourg
        
        budget + EP approval
        
        1979: EP elected
        
        European Council
        
        political direction (eg Werner Report of 1970)
        
        major problems
      - 1986: Single European Act
        
        single market by 1992
        
        EMU & FSP
        
        EP: right of assent and cooperation procedure
      - 1992: Treaty of Maastricht
        
        eurozone (opt-outs) --> 1998 ECB
        
        CFSP and Justice and Home Affairs (JHA)
        
        co-decision (olp)
        
        EU citizenship
      - 2007: Treaty of Lisbon
        
        origin: Convention, Intergovernmental Conference: Constitutional Treaty
- - - - principal-agent
        
        principal: neutrality, influence, independence
        
        agent: selection, control (police patrol / fire alarm / task specification)
      - functions
        
        initiation + prepare policy
        
        budget responsibilities
        
        monitor implementation
        
        intl. rep.
        
        guardian of treaties
      - structure
        
        College of Commissioners
        
        bureaucracy: directorates-general (DGs)
        
        quasi-autonomous agencies: comitology
        
        cabinets for each commissioner
      - accountability
        
        Europea Council appoints president, EP election results
        
        European Parliamentary hearings
        
        EP approval
    - - treaty competence delegation
      - European Council
        
        structure
        
        heads of gov + state
        
        President: external rep, agenda, chair
        
        High Representative : foreign policies + missions
        
        President of Commission
        
        tasks
        
        providing political direction
        
        problem solving + ultimate arbiter
        
        treaty revisions: ordinary or simplified revision procedure
        
        appointments of Presidents, High Rep, executive board ECB
  - - - structure
        
        EP President + 14 Vice-Presidents
        
        7 political groups
        
        parliamentary committees (resemble EP composition)
        
        rapporteurship
        
        legislation, hearings, delegations
      - powers
        
        power of co-decision (TEU)
        
        budget approval
        
        scrutiny
        
        questions for info
        
        commissions of inquiry
        
        CoJ cases
        
        appointment + dismissal Commission
    - - structure
        
        Council of Ministers
        
        General Affairs Council
        
        Foreign Affairs Council
        
        and 8 more
        
        Committee of Permanent Representatives (COREPER) + specialised committees like SCA / COPS
        
        Working groups
      - voting
        
        unanimity
        
        QMV: 55% MS, 65% pop
      - tasks
        
        legislator + intl agreements on some topics
        
        executive role
        
        CFSP: conclusions, recommendations, decisions, sanctions
        
        European Security and Defense Policy
        
        European External Action Service
        
        accession
  - - - Court of Justice
        
        11 advocate generals
        
        28 judges --> 3/5/15/full plenary
      - General Court
      - Civil Service Tribunal
    - - infringement procedures
      - actions for annulment: judicial review
      - preliminary ruling
      - independent shaper integration
  - - - linked to Eurogroup, part of Eurosystem
      - tasks
        
        monetary policy
        
        financial stability
        
        foreign reserves
      - structure
        
        Governing Council
        
        ECB executive board
        
        banks' governors
- - - - trust
      - political support
      - competences
      - identity
  - - - firms (incl. consultancy firms)
      - business associations
      - governmental orgs
      - citizen groups / NGOs
      - non-profits
      - professional associations
      - research institutes
      - trade unions
    - - European Economic and Social Committee (1957)
        
        Business Europe
        
        European Trade Union Confederation
      - Social Dialogue
      - Committee of the Regions (1994)
    - - deisgned pluralism
        
        epistemic communities
        
        Commission legitimacy - White Paper on Governance
        
        influence in policy process (prevent obstruction)
    - - concentrated vs diffuse
      - private vs public
      - territorial interests
    - - Commission
        
        advisory committees
      - Council
        
        not in Transparency Register
        
        esp Council Presidency
      - EP
        
        expert reliance
        
        civil society
    - - inside vs outside lobbying
      - factors
        
        target
        
        unfavourable political opportunity structure
        
        organisation + identity group
        
        issue
    - - balance between groups
      - form of lobbying: Transparency Register + Code of Conduct
- - - - little in European Commission
        
        Treaty of Lisbon: President: Spitzenkandidaten
      - Council of Ministers slightly
      - European Council significantly
    - - political groups
        
        groups
        
        European People's Party
        
        S&D (Progressive Alliance of Socialist and Democrats Group)
        
        Renew Europe
        
        Greens-EFA
        
        Identity and Democracy
        
        European Conservatives and Reformists
        
        GUE-NGL
        
        characteristics
        
        sophisticated admin (some adhoc coalitions)
        
        internal heterogeneity
        
        high voting cohesion
        
        increasing competition
        
        old grand coalition, end 1990s --> ad hoc alternatives
        
        Euroscepticism
        
        radicial left to radical right
        
        anti-EU to EU refom
        
        advantages
        
        procedural
        
        political (getting stuff done)
      - history
        
        1951 Common Assembly
        
        1953: ideological organisation
        
        1958: European Parliamentary Assembly, 1962: European Parliament
      - political parties
        
        coop of MEPs outside EP
        
        from informal practices to party federations (1979) to recognition (1992) to regulations (Nice)
        
        13, many linked to groups
        
        roles
        
        coordinate party positions
        
        increased coop around other institutions
        
        functions
        
        organise choice
        
        coherent packages
        
        attempted but limited link to citizens
  - - - low turnout (20-30%)
      - true political affiliation
      - protest against home gov
  - - - constitutionally required
      - binding
      - accurate + abundant EU info
  - - - EP elections = referenda on gov
      - elections new axis: pro-/anti-EU
    - - depoliticised national politics
      - EU policy as technocracy
      - EU policy undiscussed
    - - rep politics as superfluous
      - political extremes
      - interest-based politics
  - - - constraining dissensus
    - - socio-demographic: education, occupational class, income, religion
      - general political: interest, trust, support ruling gov, left-right
      - EU factors
        
        knowledge and interest
        
        economic benefits
        
        identity
- - - - distributive
      - regulatory
      - redistributive
    - - conferral
        
        exclusive, shared, supportive competences
      - proportionality
      - subsidiarity
  - - - public, media, political
      - EU-specific
        
        cross-border activities
        
        politicization
        
        supranational venues
      - European Council
        
        strategic agenda (5 years)
        
        annual work programme
      - public
        
        right of initiative, elections, civil society
    - - types of decisions
        
        history-making
        
        negotiations
        
        zones of acceptability, zone of argeement or bargaining set
        
        tactics
        
        coalition formation
        
        persuasion + management of meaning
        
        challenging opponents
        
        issue linkage + side-payments
        
        splitting the difference
        
        policy-setting
        
        policy-shaping
      - instruments
        
        directives
        
        regulations
        
        decisions
        
        recommendations & opinions
        
        CFSP
        
        general guidelines
        
        decisions
      - ordinary legislative procedure
        
        commission
        
        first reading
        
        second reading
        
        conciliation committee
        
        third reading: accept or reject compromise
        
        time limits, no new amendments, EP absolute majority
        
        commission for or against amendments
        
        parliamentary committee --> opinion
        
        common position
        
        possibly to EESC or CoR
        
        parliaments' proportionality + subsidiarity check
        
        reasoned opinions
        
        yellow card review
        
        orange card procedure: review + opinion to Council + EP
        
        community method
        
        informal processes
        
        political agreement of Council communicated
        
        trilogues
      - special legislative procedure
        
        intergovernmental method
        
        unanimous Council + role (or not) of EP
        
        CFSP decisions
        
        no EP
        
        initiative MS or High Rep
      - qualified majority voting
        
        55% MS
        
        65% population
        
        blocking minority of >3 MS with >35% pop
      - veto players (institutional & partisan)
        
        high threshold, blocking minorities, anticipated reaction, culture of consensus
        
        policy networks
        
        actors, stability, conflict
        
        advocacy coalitions
        
        joint-decision trap
        
        institutional change
        
        types of policies
        
        locus of decision-making
        
        outside events
        
        strategies
      - technocracy
        
        expertise-driven, consensus-based
    - - phases
        
        formal/legal implementation
        
        transposition
        
        push + pull factors
        
        EU level
        
        EU Aids
        
        comitology
        
        procedures
        
        examination
        
        advisory
        
        register
        
        implementation decisions
        
        delegated acts
        
        implementing acts
        
        practical implementation
        
        agencies / enforcement / compliance
        
        EU agencies - only advisory
        
        social dialogue
        
        observation centres
        
        suppliers
        
        regulatory
        
        competition
        
        antitrust, state aid
        
        cartels, mergers
        
        expenditure policy
        
        ECB: monetary policy
        
        monitoring implementation
        
        infringement procedure
        
        early settlement, letter of notice, reasoned opinion
        
        referral to CoJ, judgement, 2nd round + fine
    - - types
        
        administrative (efficiency)
        
        political (responsibility)
        
        judicial (legality)