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Important immunity in clearance of FMDV (Cellular-mediated immunity…
Important immunity in clearance of FMDV
Cellular-mediated immunity
NK cell
IFN gamma
activation of macrophage
ADCC
recognising and killing of virus
CTL/CD8
perforin,granzyme,cytolytic protein
TNF alpha, Fas L
Lysis of VIC
Macrophage
Monokines- IFN alpha
enhances NK cell function
inhibit virus multiplication of neighbouring cells
IL-12
promotes Th1 and NK cell growth
phagocytosis
CD4+
help B
Isotype switching (IgM to lgG)
Plasma cells
TNF alpha, IFN gamma
direct antiviral effects
activate macrophages
Dendritic cell
APC
present peptides to T-lymphocytes
deliver antigens to B lymphocytes
Humoral immunity
Antibodies (Neutralization)
IgA
mucosal surface
Ig G Virus-specific Ab (7 serotypes)
Serum
Foot and Mouth disease virus(FMD)
Diagnostic assay
Virus Isolation
Molecular Test
Reverse Transcription PCR
Serology test
Complement Fixation Test
ELISA
Pen-side Diagnostic
Importance of DIVA
Reduce the spread of infectious disease
Might limit the number of culled animals
Prevent economic loss
Control tool for disease outbreaks in densely populated livestock areas
Possibility to distinguish between infected and vaccinated animals.
Maintain an effective surveillance during an outbreak while emergency vaccination is implemented.
Ways to achieve DIVA strategy in FMDV vaccination
DIVA Test
Nonstructural proteins (NSPs) antibody detection
Remove most of FMDV NSPs during vaccine production
Vaccine negatively marked for NSPs - present of antibody against NSPs used as an indicator of infection and not vaccination.
Mucosal antibody detection
FMDV infection - positive result for salivary IgA antibody test
FMDV vaccine - elicits little or no mucosal IgA antibody
Maintain efficiency
Postoutbreak serosuveillance
Development of vaccine that contain or deliver FMDV structural protein only