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BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES 1 (Carbohydrates (Disachharides and Polysaccharides…
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES 1
Types of Bonding
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Hydrogen Bonding
The weak electrostatic attraction between hydrogen and another oppositely charged atom in a polar molecule
Individually very weak, but much stronger in larger numbers
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Monomers and Polymers
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When polymers are formed in condensation reactions, each time a new sub-unit is formed, a molecules of water is lost
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only
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A pair of monosaccharides joined together is a disaccharide, many monosaccharides joined together is a polysaccharide
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To test for non-reducing sugars, conduct the benedict's test, add HCl, add sodium hydrogencarbonate, and then conduct benedict's test again
Starch, Cellulose and Glycogen
Starch
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Starch is insoluble, so it doesn't impact water potential and draw water into cells via osmosis
It is compact, so it can be kept in a small space
Cellulose
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Cellulose molucules grouped together form microfibrils, which then form fibres
The cellulose cell wall of plant cells prevents the cell bursting as water enters via osmosis by exerting an inward pressure (turgor)
Glycogen
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It is insoluble, so it doesn't draw water into cells via osmosis, or diffuse into/out of the cell
Lipids
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They are insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents because they are not polar, and only polar solutes can dissolve in polar solvents
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