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Skeleton (Long Bones (Epiphyses (Bone Ends, Broader than diaphysis,…

- - - - White double layered membrane
      - Covers the external surface of the bone except for the joint surfaces
      - Outer fibrous layer contains dense connective tissue
      - Inner layer contains primitive bone cells except bone destroying cells
      - Rich with nerve fibers
      - Collagen fibers extend into bone matrix attaching periosteum to the bone
      - Provides attaching point to tendons and ligaments
    - - Connective tissue membrane
      - Covers internal bone surface
      - Covers the trabeculae of spongy bone
      - Lines the canals that pass through compact bone
  - - - Stem cell
    - - Matrix synthesizing cell...bone growth
      - become osteocytes when surrounded by matrix
    - - Mature bone cell that monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix
      - Occupy Lacunae
      - Stress or strain sensors
    - - Bone reabsorbtion cell
  - - - Structural unit of compact bone
      - Elongated cylinder parallel to the long axis
      - A group of hollow tubes called lamellae
      - Canals
        
        Haversian canal
        
        Contains small blood vessels and nerve fibers
        
        Perforating canals
        
        Lie at right angles to the long axis of the bone
        
        connect nerves and blood supply to the central canal
        
        Lined with endosteum
        
        Canaliculi connect lacunae to each other and to the central canal
  - - - Bone Cells
      - Osteoid
    - - 65% Hrdroxyapatites or mineral salts
      - Largely calcium phosphates
- - - - Cells at the top
      - Cells divide quickly pushing the epiphysis from the diaphysis lengthening the bone
    - - Older Chondrocytes
      - Lacunae erode and leave large interconnecting spaces
    - - Surrounding cartilage matrix calcifies and surrounding chondrocytes die
    - - Leaves long spicules of calcified cartilage at the epiphysis-diaphysis junction
    - - 21 in males
      - 18 in Females
    - - When there is more osteoblast activity than osteoclasts
      - Stressed by muscle activity or body weight
  - - - Deposit of new matrix done by osteoblasts
    - - Osteoclasts preform bone reabsorbtion
  - - - a mass of clotted blood forms at the fracture site
      - blood vessels in the bone are broken
      - Swelling and pain
    - - Soft callus
      - Capillaries grow into hematoma
      - Phagocytotic cells clean up the debris
      - Osteogenic and cartilage cells invfade the site and begin to reconstruct
      - Fibroblasts produce collagen that connect broken bone ends
      - Osteoblasts begin to form spongy bone
      - Splints the broken bone
      - cartilage farthest from the capillaries secretes cartilage matrix that calcifies
    - - Within a week new bone trabeculae appear in the fibrocartilaginous callus and convert it into bony hard callus
      - Bony callus formation occurs until a firm union is formed 2 months later
    - - Excess material on the diaphyses exterior and medullary cavity is removed
      - Compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls
  - - - Position of the bone after the fracture
        
        Nondispaced means bone is still in normal position
        
        Displaced is if the bone is out of normal alignment
      - Completeness of break
        
        Complete fracture is when a bone is completely broken through
        
        Incomplete is when its not
      - Whether a bone penetrates the skin
        
        Open(Compound)- it does
        
        Closed(simple) - it doesnt
    - - Comminuted
        
        Bone fragments in three or more peices
      - Spiral
        
        Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting force is applied
      - Depressed
        
        Broken bone portion is pressed inward
      - Compression
        
        Bone is crushed
      - Epiphyseal
        
        Epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate
      - Greenstick
        
        Bone breaks incompletely (like a live stick breaks)
- - - - Common fracture where the elbow is displaced
      - Common in children
- - - - Only high in protien, carbs, and sugars