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Populations and Ecosystems (Trophic levels (Feeding levels, Primary…
Populations and Ecosystems
Population
All individuals of a species that live in a particular area at the same time and can interact with one another
Community
All of the populations together
Ecosytem
Set of physical nonliving environmental factors of a region, plus the communities of organisms of that region
Habitat
Set of conditions in which an organism completes its life cycle
Pollinators critically important
Operational habitat
Aspects of the habitat that affects the plants constitute
Components
Abiotic
Nonliving and physical phenomena: climate,soil,latitude,altitude
Disturbances such as fire, floods, and alvanches
Biotic
Living factors: plant itself, other plant species,
Species of animals, fungi, prostists and prokaryotes
Relationships
Commensal
One species benefits and the other is unaffected
Predation
One species benefits and other is harmed
Mutualism
Both species benefit
Competition
Disadvantageous to one or both
Random distributions
Distribution of individuals in the habitat with no obvious pattern
Clumped distribution
Spacing between plants is either small large but rarely average
Uniform distribution
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all individuals are evenly spaced from their neighbors
Allelochemics
Allelopathy
Random, uniform, and clumped distribution
Physiognomic structure
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Physical size AND shape of organism
Distribution in relation to each other and to the physical environment
Life forms
Classification in the way that plants are adapted morphologically for surviving stressful seasons
Placing buds below ground
Winterizing aerial buds
Temporal structure
Changes that an ecosystem undergoes with time
As short as a day
Seasons or decades
Species composition
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Number and diversity of species that coexist in an ecosystem
Depends on whether the climate is mild or stressful, soil is rich or poor, and the species tolerance ranges are broad or narrow
Trophic levels
Feeding levels
Primary producers
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Decomposers
Herbivore trophic level
Structure characteristics
Result from intraspecies competition
Coexist in an ecosystem
