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Ch 6 Tour of the Cell CH 7 Membrane Structure and Function (Microscope…

- - - - Eukaryote a cell or organism that possess a clear defined nucleus. The eukaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane that surrounds the nucleus
        
        The eukaryote contains organelles that include the mitochondria (energy exchangers), a Golgi apparatus (secretory device), an Endoplasmic reticulum (a canal-like system of membranes within the cell), and Lysosomes (digestive apparatus with many cell types)
        
        Mitochondria a energy producer of the cell that carries out cellular respiration to produce energy for the cell
        
        Golgi Apparatus An organelle in eukaryotic cells that are stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store and ships products to the endoplasmic reticulum
        
        Endoplasmic Reticulum a network of tubules and flattened sacs that serve a variety of functions in plant and animal cells
        
        Two distinct regions of ER
        
        Smooth ER lacks the ribosomes
        
        Synthesizes lipids
        
        Metabolizes carbohydrates, Detoxifies drugs and poisons
        
        Stores calcium ions
        
        Rough ER has ribosomes
        
        A membrane factory for the cell
        
        Distributes transport vesicles and has secretory proteins surrounded by membranes
        
        lysosomes contain digestive enzymes which are used to. break down products that may be harmful to the cell and spit them back out into the extracellular fluid
        
        The nucleus contains most of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell
        
        **Ribosomes use the information from the DNA to make proteins
        
        A nucleus contains most of the cell genes
        
        nuclear envelope is enclosed in the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm
- - - - Bacteria one-celled microorganisms that exist either as independent free-living organisms or as a parasites (dependent on another organism for life)
      - any group of single-celled prokaryotic organisms (who cells that lack a nucleus) that have a distinct molecular characteristics of being separate from bacteria.
- - - - Channel proteins are a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use as a tunnel
        
        Diffusion a Net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration, to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient
        
        For example, It's a passive process that continues until there's a concentration equilibrium between the 2 regions
        
        Facilitated Diffusion are molecules diffuse across the plasma membrane with assistance from membrane proteins
        
        Filtration is the movement of a fluid (mixture of several molecules) from a region of high pressure to a region of a low pressure
        
        Osmosis the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration
        
        Toxicity of the environment compared to the cell determines how water moves across the semipermeable membrane
        
        Hypo tonic The solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell so water moves into the cell causing plant cells to swell and animal cells to swell
        
        Isotonic The concentration of solutes is equal inside and outside the cell so water moves across the membrane in both directions maintaining cell size
        
        Hyper Tonic The solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell so water moves out of the cell and into the solution causing the cell to Plasmolysis (lose water)
        
        Active Transport the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy
        
        Sodium-Potassium pumpA carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell
        
        Exocytosis releases substances out of cell within the membrane by forming a vesicle around a cell that needs to be removed and transports them to a cell membrane
        
        Endocytosis The process of taking a large molecules into a cell by engulfing them membrane. Cell folds inward and a pocket pinches off the cell inside
        
        Channel proteins expand the membrane by making hydrophilic tunnels across it, allowing molecules to pass through by diffusion
        
        Aquaporins are channel proteins that allow water to cross the membrane very quickly
  - - - Transport the act a molecule or a ion that moves across the cell membrane or the bloodstream
      - Enzymatic activity a measure of the quantity of active enzyme that's present depending on certain conditions
      - Signal transduction the process of transferring a signal throughout an organism
        
        relies on proteins known as receptors that wait for a chemical, physical, or electrical signal
      - Cell-to-cell recognition gap junctions are structures that lets cells communicate with each other
      - Inter-cellular joining structures that provide adhesion and communication between cells