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Bryman (2012) Social Research Methods (C.17 - The Nature of Qualitative…
Bryman (2012) Social Research Methods
C.1 - The Nature and Process of Social Research
What is meant by ‘social research’? (4)
Why do social research? (5)
The context of social research methods (5)
Elements of the process of social research (8)
Literature review (8)
Concepts and theroies (8)
Sampling cases (11)
Data collection (12)
Data analysis (13)
Writing up (14)
Research questions (9)
The messiness of social research (15)
C.7 - The Nature of Quantitative Research (159)
Introduction (160)
The main steps in quantitative research (160)
Concepts and their measurements (163)
What is a concept? (163)
Why measure? (164)
Indicators (164)
Using multiple-indicator measures (166)
Dimensions of concepts (167)
Reliability and validity (168)
Reliability (168)
Validity (170)
Reflections on reliability and validity (173)
The main preoccupations of quantitative researchers (175)
Measurements (175)
Casuality (175)
Generalization (176)
Replication (177)
The critique of quantitative research (178)
Criticisms of quantitative research (178)
It is always like this? (179)
Reverse operationism (180)
Reliability and validity testing (180)
Sampling (181)
Research in Focus
7.1 Selecting research sites and sampling respondents: the Social Change and Economic Life Initiative (162)
C.8 - Sampling (183)
Introduction to survey research (184)
Introduction to sampling (186)
Sampling error (188)
Types of probability sample (190)
Simple random sample (190)
Systematic sample (191)
Stratified random sampling (192)
Multi-stage cluster sampling (193)
The qualities of a probability sample (195)
Sample size (197)
Absolute and relative sample size (197)
Time and cost (198)
Non-response (199)
Heterogenity of the population (200)
Kind of analysis (201)
Types of non-probability sampling (201)
Convenience sampling (201)
Snowball sampling (202)
Quota sampling (203)
Limits to generalization (205)
Error in survey research (205)
C.17 - The Nature of Qualitative Research (379)
Introduction (380)
The Main Steps in Qualitative Research (384)
Theory and Research (387)
Concepts in Qualitative Research (388)
Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research (389)
Adapting Reliability and Validity for Qualitative Research
Alternative Criteria for Evaluating Qualitative Research
Recent Discussions About Quality Criteria for Qualitative Research
Between Quantitative and Qualitative Research Criteria
Overview of the Issue of Criteria
The Main Preoccupations of Qualitative Researchers (399)
Seeing Through the Eyes of the People Being Studied
Description and the Emphasis on Context
Emphasis on Process
Flexibility and Limited Structure
Concepts and Theory Grounded in Data
The Critique of Qualitative Research (405)
Qualitative Research is Too Subjective
Difficult to Replicate
Problems of Generalization
Lack of Transparency
Is It Always Like This? (407)
Some Contrasts Between Quantitative and Qualitative Research (407)
Some Similarities Between Quantitative and Qualitative Research (409)
Feminism and Qualitative Research (410)
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C.19 - Ethnography and Participant Observation (430)
Introduction (431)
Access (433)
Overt Versus Covert Ethnography (433)
Access to Closed Settings (435)
Access to Open/Public Settings (436)
Ongoing Access (439)
Key Informants (439)
Roles for Ethnographers (440)
Active or Passive? (446)
Field Notes (447)
Types of Field Notes (450)
Bringing Ethnographic Research to an End (452)
Can There Be a Feminist Ethnography? (453)
The Rise of Visual Ethnography (455)
Writing Ethnography (462)
The Changing Nature of Ethnography (464)
C.2 - Social Research Strategies
CONTENT
Introduction
Theory and Research
What type of theory?
Deductive and Inductive Theory
Epistemological Considerations
A natural science epistemology: positivism
Interpretivism
Ontological Considerations
Objectivism
Constructivism
Relationship to social research
Research Strategy: Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Influences on the Conduct of Social Research
Values
Practical considerations
POWERFUL IDEAS
The research process is influenced by who is performing the research.
Researcher choices are the result of its preferences and own bias.
Different research methods provide adequate support for researcher to develop his ideas and approach.
C28 - E-Research: Internet Research Methods
The Internet as Object of Analysis
Using the Internet to Collect Data From Individuals
Online Ethnography
Qualitative Research Using Online Focus Groups
Qualitative Research Using Online Personal Interviews
Online Social Surveys
Email Surveys
Web Surveys
Mixing Models of Survey Administration
Sampling Issues
Overview
Ethical Considerations in Internet Research
The State of e-Research